{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:23:53Z","timestamp":1787009033246,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22102187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22102187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Startup Packages of Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University"},{"name":"Innovate UK Knowledge Transfer Partnership","award":["KTP 10809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KTP 10809"]}]},{"name":"Innovate UK Knowledge Transfer Partnership","award":["KTP 11592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KTP 11592"]}]},{"name":"Innovate UK Knowledge Transfer Partnership","award":["KTP 126997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KTP 126997"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polymyxins are a vital class of antibiotics used to combat multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. However, their use is limited due to potential nephrotoxicity and the availability of alternative antibiotics. This review aims to examine the properties of polymyxins and the clinical advances in their use for treating infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review analyses literature on polymyxin properties and various clinical approaches, including intravenous drip infusion, nebulized or dry powder inhalation, and ointment application. Treatment efficacy in terms of bacterial eradication, cure rate and mortality rate are reviewed and evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polymyxins have been reintroduced to treat critical infections due to the increasing prevalence of CR-GNB. Clinical trials and studies have confirmed that polymyxins can effectively treat CR-GNB infections when the formulation and administration are appropriate, with acceptable levels of nephrotoxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the future, the development of polymyxin formulations will aim to improve their clinical effectiveness while reducing toxicity and side effects and preventing the emergence of polymyxin-resistant strains. Enhanced efficacy and minimized potential side effects can be achieved by developing new polymyxin-delivery systems that provide a smart and controlled release or customized patient administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T16:28:16Z","timestamp":1726504096000},"page":"3210-3229","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Advances in the clinical treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens using polymyxins"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Yizhen","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingrui","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuzhi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3749-4089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honghua","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University , Jinhua 321299 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1590-2042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoning","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University , Jinhua 321299 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121306330334000_dkae344-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2319","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and its cost: is it possible to reverse resistance?","volume":"8","author":"Andersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev 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