{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T09:29:35Z","timestamp":1740130175767,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000866","name":"Cardiff University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue that needs addressing. While antibiotic stewardship has improved often by restricting antibiotic use, some antibiotics that are still sold legally over the counter (OTC), notably in sore throat medications. Recent findings suggest OTC antibiotics could trigger cross-resistance to antibiotics used in clinical treatments, whether systemic or topical. Here we investigated the impact of three antibiotics contained in OTC sore throat medicines on emerging AMR in vitro.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bacterial pathogens were exposed to a bactericidal concentration of an aminoglycoside in the presence or absence of a during-use concentration of bacitracin, gramicidin or tyrothricin in a time\u2013kill assay. Damage to the bacterial membrane was also investigated by measuring potassium leakage and membrane potential alteration post-OTC antibiotic exposure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gramicidin (15\u2005\u00b5g\/mL) significantly decreased the bactericidal activity of amikacin, tobramycin or gentamicin in Acinetobacter baumannii. It also decreased gentamicin bactericidal activity in Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, while tyrothricin decreased the aminoglycoside efficacy in E. cloacae and E. coli. Gramicidin significantly decreased bacterial membrane potential and caused significant potassium leakage.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gramicidin and to some extent tyrothricin impacted aminoglycoside efficacy by affecting membrane potential, which is essential for aminoglycosides uptake. Thus, some OTC antibiotics can interfere with aminoglycoside activity, which could in turn affect treatment efficacy. Although the likelihood of OTC antibiotics and aminoglycosides being used at the same time might not be common, this research highlights one potential reason for OTC antibiotics\u2019 usage to result in treatment failure and their contribution to AMR development.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T19:31:34Z","timestamp":1730230294000},"page":"87-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Over-the-counter antibiotics compromising aminoglycoside activity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5345-7846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A","family":"Robertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Marketing, Reckitt Benckiser , Slough ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6313-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E","family":"Mantzourani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Szomolay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Pillay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Marketing, Reckitt Benckiser , Slough 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