{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:46:04Z","timestamp":1792698364964,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011091","name":"Federal Public Service Public Health, Safety of the Food Chain and Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In Belgium, monitoring antibiotic consumption relies on reimbursement data, which is obtained with a time delay and does not account for over-the-counter or nonreimbursed products. This study aims to bridge this gap by comparing reimbursement and retail data for primary care to understand variations and assess the accuracy of current surveillance methods.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reimbursement data were obtained from the National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance, and retail data were obtained from IQVIA for the period 2013\u201322. The community consumption of systemic antibiotics was expressed in defined daily doses (DDD\u2014WHO ATC\/DDD Index 2023) per inhabitants per day (DID). Relative differences in DID (RDs) based on the two data sets were computed and validated through Bland\u2013Altman plots and correlation analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The sales of antibiotics declined from 22.89 DID (2013) to 20.50 (2022), with a steep drop during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014from 21.31 DID in 2019 to 16.55 DID in 2020\u2014and a subsequent rebound. Reimbursement data slightly underestimated consumption compared to retail data, with RDs ranging from 2% (2013) to 9% (2022) when including quinolones and from 2% to 4% when excluding them. Bland\u2013Altman plots showed high agreement between reimbursement and retail estimates, identifying quinolones as outliers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings suggest that reimbursement data are generally reliable for monitoring antibiotic consumption, but incorporating retail data is crucial for accurate assessments. The use of retail data can facilitate timely interventions and inform public health strategies to effectively address antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T11:49:05Z","timestamp":1729856945000},"page":"138-146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Monitoring community antibiotic consumption in Belgium: reimbursement versus retail data (2013\u201322)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3776-6988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Damian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bonacini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moira","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El Maati","family":"Allaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InterMutuality Agentschap , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charline","family":"Maertens De Noordhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research, Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1238-8052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Coenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp , Antwerp ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp , Antwerp ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Deckers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Public Service\u2014Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Belgian Antibiotic Policy Coordination Committee , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"De Clercq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proper Use Division, Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"De Falleur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate for Research, Development and Quality Promotion, National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Versporten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Public Service\u2014Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Belgian Antibiotic Policy Coordination Committee , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp , Antwerp ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boudewijn","family":"Catry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Catteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 de Mons , Mons ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010309472479800_dkae384-B1","author":"ECDC"},{"key":"2025010309472479800_dkae384-B2","author":"FPS Health"},{"key":"2025010309472479800_dkae384-B3","author":"BAF"},{"key":"2025010309472479800_dkae384-B4","author":"Meeus"},{"key":"2025010309472479800_dkae384-B5","unstructured":"Eurostat . 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