{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T06:56:54Z","timestamp":1774767414925,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Associate Dean of Research\u2019s Seed"},{"name":"University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011866","name":"CCTSI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR002535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR002535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Antiretroviral Discovery, Evaluation and Application Research","award":["5T32AI150547-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AI150547-03"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CO-US-412-3992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CO-US-412-3992"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NCATS Colorado CTSA","award":["UL1 TR002535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR002535"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies have primarily focused on nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor pharmacology in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and erythrocytes via dried blood spots (DBS), but not other major blood cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our objectives were to describe and compare the concentrations of tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) and emtricitabine-triphosphate (FTC-TP) in DBS, PBMCs, neutrophils, and platelets in people with HIV (PWH) and people without HIV (PWOH).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DBS, PBMCs, neutrophils, and platelets were isolated from whole blood drawn from PWH and PWOH receiving tenofovir alafenamide and emtricitabine. TFV-DP and FTC-TP concentrations were quantified using LC-MS\/MS in each cell type. Linear regression models controlled for time on drug, adherence, and time since last dose, where applicable, to determine geometric mean percent differences (95% confidence interval) by HIV status and estimated half-lives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were available in 13 PWH (96% male) and 30 PWOH (53% male). Compared with PWOH, TFV-DP in DBS was 48.9% (15.6%, 91.9%) higher and FTC-TP in platelets was 36.3% (4.5%, 77.7%) higher; TFV-DP in platelets also trended higher [43.5% (\u22123.24%, 113%)]. No other cell types significantly differed by HIV status. TFV-DP and FTC-TP demonstrated the longest half-lives in neutrophils, followed by PBMCs and then platelets. After normalizing to cell volume, both drugs accumulated from greatest to least in PBMCs, neutrophils, platelets, and erythrocytes across both PWH and PWOH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings highlight differential drug disposition across cell types that also vary by serostatus in DBS and platelets. The mechanisms and implications of these findings require additional research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T23:20:04Z","timestamp":1738970404000},"page":"1224-1232","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cellular pharmacology of tenofovir alafenamide and emtricitabine in neutrophils and platelets in people with and without HIV"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Vincent A","family":"Mainella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , 12850 E Montview Blvd, Mail Stop C238, Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Branchford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Versiti Medical Sciences Institute and Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children\u2019s Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Travis","family":"Nemkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Hosford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , 12850 E Montview Blvd, Mail Stop C238, Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan P","family":"Coyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , 12850 E Montview Blvd, Mail Stop C238, Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , 12850 E Montview Blvd, Mail Stop C238, Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye Ji","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , 12850 E Montview Blvd, Mail Stop C238, Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , 12850 E Montview Blvd, Mail Stop C238, Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-Hua","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , 12850 E Montview Blvd, Mail Stop C238, Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lane","family":"Bushman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , 12850 E Montview Blvd, Mail Stop C238, Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J","family":"Kiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , 12850 E Montview Blvd, Mail Stop C238, Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter L","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , 12850 E Montview Blvd, Mail Stop C238, Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina M","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , 12850 E Montview Blvd, Mail Stop C238, Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B1","author":"Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12403","article-title":"The evolution of three decades of antiretroviral therapy: challenges, triumphs and the promise of the future","volume":"79","author":"Tseng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X15666171120110145","article-title":"Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a thorough review, present Status and future perspective as HIV therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Holec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B4"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq447","article-title":"Pharmacological considerations for tenofovir and emtricitabine to prevent HIV infection","volume":"66","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2165\/11318110-000000000-00000","article-title":"Intracellular pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in HIV-infected patients, and their correlation with drug action","volume":"49","author":"Bazzoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0089","article-title":"Tenofovir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots for determining recent and cumulative drug exposure","volume":"29","author":"Castillo-Mancilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1201","article-title":"Pharmacologic-based methods of adherence assessment in HIV prevention","volume":"104","author":"Brooks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.51","article-title":"Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in the female reproductive tract are associated with altered expression of proteases, mucosal barrier proteins, and an influx of HIV-susceptible target cells","volume":"9","author":"Arnold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634386","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.634386","article-title":"Interactions of HIV and antiretroviral therapy with neutrophils and platelets","volume":"12","author":"Madzime","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003993","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003993","article-title":"Immune suppression by neutrophils in HIV-1 infection: role of PD-L1\/PD-1 pathway","volume":"10","author":"Bowers","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000529","article-title":"Reduced immune activation during tenofovir-emtricitabine therapy in HIV-negative individuals","volume":"68","author":"Castillo-Mancilla","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198707233170402","article-title":"The toxicity of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex","volume":"317","author":"Richman","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.9.1672","article-title":"Effects of antiretroviral dideoxynucleosides on polymorphonuclear leukocyte function","volume":"34","author":"Roilides","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.033369","article-title":"Global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV","volume":"138","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1086\/381678","article-title":"The cellular pharmacology of nucleoside- and nucleotide-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and its relationship to clinical toxicities","volume":"38","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B17"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5909","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01152-15","article-title":"In vitro virology profile of tenofovir alafenamide, a novel oral prodrug of tenofovir with improved antiviral activity compared to that of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate","volume":"59","author":"Callebaut","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01834-15","article-title":"Intracellular activation of tenofovir alafenamide and the effect of viral and host protease inhibitors","volume":"60","author":"Birkus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(93)90058-5","article-title":"Affinity of the antiviral enantiomers of oxathiolane cytosine nucleosides for human 2\u2019-deoxycytidine kinase","volume":"45","author":"Shewach","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2017.0243","article-title":"Genetic variation of the kinases that phosphorylate tenofovir and emtricitabine in peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"34","author":"Figueroa","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.07.008","article-title":"Discovery of genetic variants of the kinases that activate tenofovir in a compartment-specific manner","volume":"2","author":"Lade","year":"2015","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000137001.40505.56","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic properties of nucleoside\/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors","volume":"37","author":"Piliero","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6692","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01017-16","article-title":"Emtricitabine-Triphosphate in dried blood spots as a marker of recent dosing","volume":"60","author":"Castillo-Mancilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003062","article-title":"Tenofovir-diphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during low, medium and high adherence to emtricitabine\/tenofovir alafenamide vs. emtricitabine\/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate","volume":"35","author":"Yager","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.461","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir and tenofovir-diphosphate in healthy women","volume":"55","author":"Burns","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2015.0182","article-title":"Dose frequency ranging pharmacokinetic study of tenofovir-emtricitabine after directly observed dosing in healthy volunteers to establish adherence benchmarks (HPTN 066)","volume":"32","author":"Hendrix","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2013.0044","article-title":"Single dose pharmacokinetics of oral tenofovir in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, colonic tissue, and vaginal tissue","volume":"29","author":"Louissaint","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002354","article-title":"Intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate and emtricitabine-triphosphate in dried blood spots following tenofovir alafenamide: the TAF-DBS study","volume":"84","author":"Yager","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B30","author":"Yager"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.01.038","article-title":"Application of an intracellular assay for determination of tenofovir-diphosphate and emtricitabine-triphosphate from erythrocytes using dried blood spots","volume":"122","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2011.05.039","article-title":"Determination of nucleoside analog mono-, di-, and tri-phosphates in cellular matrix by solid phase extraction and ultra-sensitive LC\u2013MS\/MS detection","volume":"56","author":"Bushman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01236-10","article-title":"Evaluation of the mean corpuscular volume of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV patients by a coulter counter to determine intracellular drug concentrations\u25bf","volume":"55","author":"Simiele","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V81.10.2774.2774","article-title":"Volume and osmotic properties of human neutrophils","volume":"81","author":"Ting-Beall","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2011.05.007","article-title":"Normal range of mean platelet volume in healthy subjects: insight from a large epidemiologic study","volume":"128","author":"Demirin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B36","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Maner","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4137\/JCD.S11038","article-title":"Regulation of human neutrophil apoptosis and lifespan in health and disease","volume":"7","author":"McCracken","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cell Death"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2010.05.006","article-title":"Neutrophil kinetics in health and disease","volume":"31","author":"Summers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20859","article-title":"Evaluation of a 12-color flow cytometry panel to study lymphocyte, monocyte, and dendritic cell subsets in humans","volume":"77","author":"Autissier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytometry Part A"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2017.00096","article-title":"Perspectives on systems modeling of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"4","author":"Sen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02573.x","article-title":"In vivo kinetics of human natural killer cells: the effects of ageing and acute and chronic viral infection","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170355","article-title":"The fate and lifespan of human monocyte subsets in steady state and systemic inflammation","volume":"214","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8073282","article-title":"Lymphocyte life-span and memory","volume":"265","author":"Sprent","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/09553009314551301","article-title":"Reassessment of human peripheral T-lymphocyte lifespan deduced from cytogenetic and cytotoxic effects of radiation","volume":"64","author":"Bogen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B45","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Williams","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1159\/000342232","article-title":"Measurement of red cell lifespan and aging","volume":"39","author":"Franco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transfus Med Hemother"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.108.045526","article-title":"Activation of 9-[(R)-2-[[(S)-[[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino] phenoxyphosphinyl]-methoxy]propyl]adenine (GS-7340) and other tenofovir phosphonoamidate prodrugs by human proteases","volume":"74","author":"Birkus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115585","article-title":"Cathepsin H: molecular characteristics and clues to function and mechanism","volume":"212","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2022.106692","article-title":"Endocannabinoid hydrolases differentially distribute in platelets and red blood cells and are differentially released by thrombin","volume":"164","author":"Anajirih","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31815e7478","article-title":"Clinical and genetic determinants of intracellular tenofovir diphosphate concentrations in HIV-infected patients","volume":"47","author":"Kiser","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz187","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir monoester and association with intracellular tenofovir diphosphate following single-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate","volume":"74","author":"Brooks","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz184","article-title":"Increased tenofovir monoester concentrations in patients receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with ledipasvir\/sofosbuvir","volume":"74","author":"Brooks","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02793-15","article-title":"Differential mechanisms of tenofovir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate cellular transport and implications for topical preexposure prophylaxis","volume":"60","author":"Taneva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00945","article-title":"Red blood cells: chasing interactions","volume":"10","author":"Pretini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00177-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00177-20","article-title":"Intracellular tenofovir and emtricitabine concentrations in younger and older women with HIV receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate\/emtricitabine","volume":"64","author":"Dumond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.3.976-980.2001","article-title":"Zidovudine phosphorylation determined sequentially over 12\u2005months in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with or without previous exposure to antiretroviral agents","volume":"45","author":"Hoggard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200310170-00003","article-title":"Antiviral dynamics and sex differences of zidovudine and lamivudine triphosphate concentrations in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"17","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182439355","article-title":"Increased platelet and microparticle activation in HIV infection: upregulation of Pselectin and tissue factor expression","volume":"59","author":"Mayne","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10968","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)49861-X","article-title":"Thymidine and 3\u2018-azido-3\u2018-deoxythymidine metabolism in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. A study of both anabolic and catabolic pathways","volume":"267","author":"Arn\u00e9r","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116463","article-title":"Differential phosphorylation of azidothymidine, dideoxycytidine, and dideoxyinosine in resting and activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"91","author":"Gao","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155395","article-title":"Blood immune cells from people with HIV on antiviral regimens that contain tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) have differential metabolic signatures","volume":"141","author":"Ritou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01710-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01710-17","article-title":"Intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate and emtricitabine-triphosphate in dried blood spots following directly observed therapy","volume":"62","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy708","article-title":"Tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots is strongly associated with viral suppression in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infections","volume":"68","author":"Castillo-Mancilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa070","article-title":"Factors associated with tenofovir diphosphate concentrations in dried blood spots in persons living with HIV","volume":"75","author":"Coyle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae212","article-title":"Tenofovir-Diphosphate and emtricitabine-triphosphate adherence benchmarks in dried blood spots for persons with human immunodeficiency virus receiving tenofovir alafenamide and emtricitabine\u2013based antiretroviral therapy (QUANTI-TAF)","volume":"79","author":"Coyle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026032800212380000_dkaf052-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofab542","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab542","article-title":"Excess weight gain with integrase inhibitors and tenofovir alafenamide: what is the mechanism and does it matter?","volume":"8","author":"Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/80\/5\/1224\/62263593\/dkaf052.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/80\/5\/1224\/62263593\/dkaf052.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T04:21:33Z","timestamp":1774671693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article\/80\/5\/1224\/8051610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkaf052","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-7453","1460-2091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-7453","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]}}}