{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:39:29Z","timestamp":1787240369999,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The treatment of tuberculosis (TB) depends on anti-TB drugs to eradicate the infection and prevent its transmission. Variability in drug metabolism, interactions, and adherence can affect treatment efficacy. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is essential for optimizing treatment by adjusting dosages. This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of TDM for anti-TB drugs using different biological matrices and to reveal the techniques employed in TDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review included studies reporting anti-TB drug monitoring with relevant analytical methods. Reports were screened to include the type of study, population, countries, sample size, anti-TB drugs, biological matrices, sampling time, and analytical methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review includes 35 articles that focus on methods for quantifying anti-TB drugs in clinical settings through observational studies. The research covers 21 countries, including China, USA, India, Italy, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, and Germany, and involves diverse populations such as adults, children, and patients with MDR- and XDR-TB, as well as those with HIV co-infection. The studies examine a range of anti-TB drugs, from first-line treatments like isoniazid and rifampicin to second-line options such as bedaquiline and linezolid. Various sampling methods were employed, including human plasma, dried blood spots, urine, hair, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, with analytical techniques such as LC-MS\/MS, HPLC, and UPLC utilized to ensure precise measurement of drug levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The assessment of diverse biological matrices and analytical techniques demonstrates that TDM improves treatment efficacy and safety by individualizing drug dosages. Further research is essential to standardize TDM protocols and investigate novel methodologies to enhance TB treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T07:29:35Z","timestamp":1744183775000},"page":"1508-1518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Therapeutic drug monitoring in anti-tuberculosis treatment: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Youssra","family":"Metarfi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical and Translational Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Pharmacy and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University , Fez ,","place":["Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wissal","family":"Chellal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical and Translational Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Pharmacy and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University , Fez ,","place":["Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zineb","family":"Ben Khadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Pharmacy and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University , Fez ,","place":["Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasnae","family":"Hoummani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical and Translational Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Pharmacy and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University , Fez ,","place":["Morocco"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU Hassan II , Fez ,","place":["Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bouchra","family":"Amara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health 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