{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T20:15:05Z","timestamp":1788552905366,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU2GGH002132-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU2GGH002132-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Uganda adopted dolutegravir as its preferred HIV treatment regimen in the national guidelines for treatment of HIV and AIDS in 2018. We conducted a survey to estimate dolutegravir resistance 4\u2005years post-dolutegravir introduction in routine clinical settings. This was a cross-sectional survey to estimate the prevalence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) to dolutegravir among children and adults with viral non-suppression (VNS; \u22651000\u2005copies\/mL) receiving dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy for at least 9\u2005months.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used remnant specimens from routine viral load monitoring stored at Central Public Health Laboratories during February\u2013April 2022. Genotyping of the protease, reverse transcriptase and integrase regions of the HIV-1 pol gene was done using Thermo Fisher\u00ae kits and analysed using the Stanford HIVDR database. Weighted prevalences of HIVDR with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for adults (\u226515\u2005years) and children (0\u201314\u2005years).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We randomly selected 857 specimens including 457 from adults and 400 from children for HIVDR testing from 3578 eligible specimens collected during February\u2013April 2022. Five hundred and eleven (59.6%) were successfully genotyped in the integrase region. Intermediate- to high-level dolutegravir HIVDR prevalence was 3.9% (CI: 0.7, 7.1) for adults and 6.6% (CI: 3.5, 9.6) for children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>HIVDR to dolutegravir was uncommon but present among both children and adults with VNS after 9\u2005months or more of exposure to dolutegravir. Additional longitudinal outcomes data are needed to determine if adherence counselling for patients with VNS on dolutegravir regimens might improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T08:26:50Z","timestamp":1749457610000},"page":"2126-2134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["HIV-1 drug resistance among people living with HIV receiving dolutegravir-based anti-retroviral regimens in Uganda: a national laboratory-based survey using remnant viral load samples, 2022"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Watera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Department of General Virololgy, , Entebbe ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana de Fatima","family":"Da 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,","place":["Uganda"]},{"name":"Sequencing Platform, Medical Research Council (MRC)\/UVRI & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit , Entebbe ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0003-6236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherri","family":"Pals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV & TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Nabukenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Public Health Laboratories , Ministry of Health, Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5121-877X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elliot","family":"Raizes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV & TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Nanyonjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sequencing Platform, Medical Research Council (MRC)\/UVRI & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit , Entebbe ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bill","family":"Elur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV & TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Nazziwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV & TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Sanyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Department of General Virololgy, , Entebbe ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisen","family":"Ayitewala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Public Health Laboratories , Ministry of Health, Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Ssali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cordelia","family":"Katureebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hudson","family":"Balidawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Du-Ping","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV & TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement","family":"Zeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV & TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV & TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta 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