{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:48:34Z","timestamp":1792082914196,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIHR HRC in Community Healthcare"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"HealthTech Research Centre for Community Healthcare"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023234","name":"Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford"},{"name":"Thames Valley at Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust"},{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections"},{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance at Oxford University"},{"name":"UK Health Security Agency","award":["NIHR200915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR200915"]}]},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Urinary tract infection (UTI) treatment in primary care is increasingly complicated by antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are rarely available to prescribers at the point of prescription. Susceptibility profiles from previous urine culture results could inform prescribing, but little is known about associations between previous and current susceptibilities and the impact of time between infections (inter-infection time) on these associations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analysed routinely collected healthcare records of women \u226516\u2005years in Oxfordshire, UK, who had two or more culture-positive urine specimens consistent with a UTI between 2013 and 2019. We used generalized additive logistic models to estimate associations between resistance to each of eight commonly prescribed antibiotics at first UTI and at second UTI, and their interaction with inter-infection time, adjusted for age and calendar year.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In 10\u200a216 women, significant associations were observed between AMR at first and second UTIs. For all antibiotics, these were largest for short inter-infection times. Pivmecillinam resistance at first UTI (OR: 41.70; 95% CI: 27.70\u201362.80), followed by fosfomycin (OR: 19.90; CI: 13.66\u201328.92) and ciprofloxacin resistance (OR: 19.65; 95% CI: 16.30\u201323.75), were strongly associated with resistance to the same antibiotic at the second UTI for inter-infection times \u22643\u2005months. Lower magnitude associations were observed for other antibiotics. For UTIs caused by Escherichia coli only, these associations were generally larger.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a cohort of women experiencing UTIs, AMR at the first UTI and inter-infection time were key determinants of AMR in the second UTI. This information could inform empirical antimicrobial treatment to limit treatment failure in women with recurrent UTI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T01:16:16Z","timestamp":1751159776000},"page":"2234-2240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The impact of inter-infection time on antimicrobial resistance profiles in women with multiple urinary tract infections over time"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Trenton","family":"Honda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0660-2171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria D L A","family":"Vazquez-Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of 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