{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:49:00Z","timestamp":1791838140999,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mycoplasma genitalium causes a range of urogenital infections. It is inherently resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, and the first and second-line treatments recommended are azithromycin and moxifloxacin, respectively. However, resistance towards these drugs is rising, and third-line treatment options exhibit cure rates between 40% and 80%. Thiamphenicol, a chloramphenicol analogue, is excreted unchanged in the urine in high concentrations and has previously successfully treated uncomplicated gonorrhoea. This study aimed to test the in vitro activity of thiamphenicol in a collection of M. genitalium strains with various resistance patterns and to exclude antagonism between thiamphenicol and doxycycline.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fifty-three strains of M. genitalium were tested for macrolide resistance mutations in the 23S rRNA gene and quinolone resistance-associated mutations in the parC gene. MICs of thiamphenicol, doxycycline, azithromycin, and moxifloxacin were determined using Vero cell cultures followed by quantitative PCR. A chequerboard analysis was performed to exclude antagonism between thiamphenicol and doxycycline in four isolates of M. genitalium.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The thiamphenicol MICs ranged from 1 to 64\u2005mg\/L with a median of 8\u2005mg\/L, and 94% (n\u200a=\u200a50) of the strains had a thiamphenicol MIC\u200a\u2264\u200a16\u2005mg\/L. Resistance to macrolides, quinolones, and dual-class resistance did not affect the MIC levels of thiamphenicol. The chequerboard analysis excluded antagonism in all four isolates and indicated a synergistic effect in one isolate.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our study offered encouraging results on the therapeutic potential of thiamphenicol for M. genitalium infections. The possible synergistic relationship between thiamphenicol and doxycycline encourages further studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T17:44:41Z","timestamp":1755020681000},"page":"2676-2681","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["<i>In vitro<\/i> activity of thiamphenicol against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of <i>Mycoplasma genitalium<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9314-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofie","family":"Skovmand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut , Artillerivej 5 Copenhagen 2300 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"N\u00f8rgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut , Artillerivej 5 Copenhagen 2300 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Salado-Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut , Artillerivej 5 Copenhagen 2300 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Dermato-Venereology, Bispebjerg University Hospital , Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7464-7435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f8rgen Skov","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut , Artillerivej 5 Copenhagen 2300 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00006-11","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium: from chrysalis to multicolored butterfly","volume":"24","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053384","article-title":"Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in different population groups: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Baumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/40.5.622","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibilities of mycoplasmas and treatment of mycoplasmal infections","volume":"40","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17972","article-title":"2021 European guideline on the management of Mycoplasma genitalium infections","volume":"36","author":"Jensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101047","article-title":"Evolving patterns of macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Chua","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy477","article-title":"Outcomes of resistance-guided sequential treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium infections: a prospective evaluation","volume":"68","author":"Read","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198410001-00005","article-title":"Differential in-vitro toxicity of chloramphenicol, nitroso-chloramphenicol, and thiamphenicol","volume":"11","author":"Yunis","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198410001-00004","article-title":"Salient features of thiamphenicol: review of clinical pharmacokinetics and toxicity","volume":"11","author":"Ferrari","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B9","volume-title":"Thiamphenicol: Experimental and Clinical Bases of a New Antibiotic","author":"Ferrari","year":"1968"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B10","first-page":"15","volume-title":"3rd ESCMID International Symposium Nosocomial Infections Today","author":"Mazzei","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/4.1.65","article-title":"The concentration of thiamphenicol in seminal fluid and prostatic tissue","volume":"4","author":"Plomp","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198410001-00039","article-title":"Acute salpingitis and thiamphenicol: a microbiologic and therapeutic study","volume":"11","author":"Kunz","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198410001-00037","article-title":"Thiamphenicol for treatment of salpingitis","volume":"11","author":"Vige","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198410001-00027","article-title":"Current experience with thiamphenicol in uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis","volume":"11","author":"Akaydin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198410001-00042","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of thiamphenicol in treatment of nongonococcal urethritis","volume":"11","author":"Saito","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198410001-00019","article-title":"One-minute treatment\u201d with thiamphenicol in 50,000 cases of gonorrhea: a 22-year study","volume":"11","author":"Siboulet","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198410001-00022","article-title":"Treatment of gonorrhea with thiamphenicol: a study of 4,500 male patients","volume":"11","author":"Santos","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000114895","article-title":"Toxic neuropathy as a complication of thiophenicol therapy","volume":"16","author":"Shinohara","year":"1977","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-937-2_8","volume-title":"Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Methods in Molecular Biology","author":"Jensen","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.05.011","article-title":"Emergence of clinical strains of Mycoplasma genitalium harbouring alterations in ParC associated with fluoroquinolone resistance","volume":"36","author":"Shimada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.12.4993-4998.2005","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility testing of Mycoplasma genitalium by TaqMan 5\u2032 nuclease real-time PCR","volume":"49","author":"Hamasuna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.2.683-692.2004","article-title":"Use of TaqMan 5\u2032 nuclease real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium DNA in males with and without urethritis who were attendees at a sexually transmitted disease clinic","volume":"42","author":"Jensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg301","article-title":"Synergy, antagonism, and what the chequerboard puts between them","volume":"52","author":"Odds","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1300456","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial activity of thiamphenicol glycinate acetylcysteinate against respiratory pathogens","volume":"49","author":"Albini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2002.14.6.554","article-title":"In vitro activity of thiamphenicol against multiresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus in Italy","volume":"14","author":"Marchese","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652007000100010","article-title":"Evaluation of the in vitro activity of six antimicrobial agents against Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"49","author":"Belda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa027","article-title":"In vitro activities of acetylmidecamycin and other antimicrobials against human macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B28","author":"CLSI","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B29","author":"ASHM"},{"key":"2025100314232979900_dkaf272-B30","author":"PHAC"}],"container-title":["Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/80\/10\/2676\/63966705\/dkaf272.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/80\/10\/2676\/63966705\/dkaf272.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T18:23:38Z","timestamp":1759515818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article\/80\/10\/2676\/8223103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkaf272","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-7453","1460-2091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-7453","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]}}}