{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T08:14:18Z","timestamp":1763972058012,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002066","name":"GSK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["207965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["207965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001203","name":"GSK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the antibiotic susceptibility of community-acquired respiratory tract infection (CA-RTI) isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae collected in 2018\u201321 from two hospitals in Tunisia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MICs were determined by CLSI broth microdilution, and susceptibility data were interpreted using CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic (PK\/PD) breakpoints.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>S. pneumoniae (n = 58) and H. influenzae (n = 71) isolates were collected; 22.4% of pneumococci were penicillin-susceptible by CLSI oral\/EUCAST low-dose breakpoints, but 89.7% were susceptible by EUCAST high-dose\/CLSI intravenous administration breakpoints. Susceptibility to ceftriaxone, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin was \u226591.4% by CLSI or PK\/PD breakpoints which reduced to 82.8%\u201387.9% for amoxicillin, amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid and cefotaxime. Tetracyclines, macrolides and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole were 41.4%\u201365.5% susceptible, with cefdinir and second-generation cephalosporins less active (24.1%\u201351.7% susceptible). EUCAST indicated \u226596.6% susceptibility only to high-dose ceftriaxone, moxifloxacin and high-dose levofloxacin. Most H. influenzae (66.2%) were \u03b2-lactamase negative, of which six and two isolates were ampicillin-resistant following EUCAST and CLSI criteria, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility was \u226591.5% (CLSI) except for ampicillin (60.6%) and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (77.5%). Susceptibility by EUCAST was lower than CLSI for most other antimicrobials, except for high dose amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid (93.0% by EUCAST, 97.2% high dose PK\/PD). Both CLSI and EUCAST showed 100% susceptibility to ceftriaxone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Few therapeutic options with \u226590% susceptibility for the treatment of S. pneumoniae from CA-RTIs in Tunisia remain. Although H. influenzae isolates displayed higher susceptibility, only ceftriaxone provides 100% coverage for both species following CLSI and EUCAST guidelines. Continued surveillance is important for guiding empiric therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T11:52:00Z","timestamp":1753271520000},"page":"iii53-iii67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2018\u201321 in Tunisia: data based on CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic (PK\/PD) breakpoints"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Didem","family":"Torumkuney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Unit, GSK , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Slim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Abderrahmen Mami Pneumology Hospital , Ariana ,","place":["Tunisia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnene","family":"Hammami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax , Sfax ,","place":["Tunisia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Hawser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Affairs, IHMA Europe S\u00e0rl , Rte. 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