{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:23:55Z","timestamp":1787009035069,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Considerable inter-individual variability in the pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable (LAI) rilpivirine and cabotegravir has been reported. Here, we sought to evaluate intra- and inter-individual variability of rilpivirine and cabotegravir plasma trough concentrations and to assess the influence of demographic factors and body composition on drug exposure in people with HIV (PWH) receiving LAI therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective observational study included PWH treated with LAI rilpivirine and cabotegravir for \u226516\u2005months, with at least three consecutive plasma trough concentration assessments. Body composition was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Associations between drug levels and clinical variables were analysed using univariate and multivariate regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-eight PWH were included (mean age 47\u200a\u00b1\u200a15\u2005years, 17% females). Rilpivirine and cabotegravir showed moderate intra-individual variability in trough concentrations (28\u201330%), with &amp;lt;1% of samples below the therapeutic threshold. Cabotegravir trough concentrations were significantly higher in women than in men (3285\u200a\u00b1\u200a921 versus 2096\u200a\u00b1\u200a775\u2005ng\/mL; P\u200a&amp;lt;\u200a0001) and in participants aged &amp;gt;65\u2005years compared with younger individuals (2826\u200a\u00b1\u200a455\u2005ng\/mL versus 2119\u200a\u00b1\u200a1006\u2005ng\/mL; P\u200a=\u200a0044); in addition, cabotegravir levels inversely correlated with skeletal muscle mass (r\u200a=\u200a\u22120.45; P\u200a=\u200a0.008) and bone mass (r\u200a=\u200a\u22120.47; P\u200a=\u200a0006). On the contrary, rilpivirine concentrations showed no significant associations with demographic or body composition variables. Multivariate analysis confirmed age, sex and muscle mass as independent predictors of cabotegravir exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sex, age and muscle mass significantly influence cabotegravir\u2014but not rilpivirine\u2014trough concentrations in PWH receiving LAI therapy. Therapeutic drug monitoring combined with body composition assessment may help to optimize dosing interval adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkag024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T12:23:13Z","timestamp":1768220593000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of sex, age and body composition on rilpivirine and cabotegravir trough concentrations in people with HIV receiving long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Maria Vittoria","family":"Cossu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University , Pieve Emanuele ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Clinical Analysis Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital , Rozzano ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Soloperto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin , Turin ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"D\u2019Avolio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin , Turin ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Rabbione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maddalena","family":"Matone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3685-4289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Giacomelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Moschese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Fusetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Lisa","family":"Ridolfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6587-4794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Gervasoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026013006030427900_dkag024-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf368","article-title":"Optimizing the use of cabotegravir plus rilpivirine long-acting therapy in HIV care: evidence, implementation, and unanswered questions","volume":"12","author":"Geretti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026013006030427900_dkag024-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2025.05.015","article-title":"Cabotegravir plus rilpivirine injection for virally suppressed persons with HIV-1 infection: a 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