{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T17:58:09Z","timestamp":1780941489145,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AI163351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AI163351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Companion animals are increasingly recognized as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, yet the frequency of sharing between pets and their owners remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate household-level co-occurrence (\u2018sharing\u2019) of AMR pathogens. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies sampling pets and owners from the same household and assessing genetic or phenotypic relatedness of AMR bacteria. Random-effects generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate pooled prevalences, with subgroup and sensitivity analyses by host health status, pathogen group, typing method, and study design. Across 152 studies, the pooled prevalence of household-level sharing was 3.8% (95% CI: 2.7%\u20135.1%). Sharing was similarly low among households when pets and owners were healthy or when the pet or owner had an illness unrelated to the pathogen (3.0% in both cases), but higher when a pet or owner had a confirmed infection (9.0%, 95% CI: 5.0%\u201316.0%). Estimates were comparable for Staphylococci and Enterobacterales. Studies using phenotypic methods alone reported higher prevalences than those using molecular typing, consistent with lower discriminatory resolution. Substantial heterogeneity was observed, but findings were robust across study design, geography, and quality. Household sharing of AMR bacteria between pets and owners appears relatively uncommon under typical conditions and is more strongly associated with infection or active shedding than routine cohabitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkag195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:30:58Z","timestamp":1780399858000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantifying household-level sharing of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens between pets and their owners: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Muturi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Temple College of Public Health, Temple University , Philadelphia, PA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Addison","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine , Kennett Square, PA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"McShea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Holman Biotech Commons , Philadelphia, PA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3414-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurel E","family":"Redding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine , Kennett Square, PA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B1","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03205-z","article-title":"The global distribution and spread of the mobilized colistin resistance gene mcr-1","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf541","article-title":"Human cases of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli linked to spread between animals and the environment in a veterinary facility\u2014Massachusetts, USA, 2023","author":"DeStefano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s21","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.496","article-title":"An outbreak of New Delhi metallo\u2013lactamase-5 (blaNDM-5)\u2013producing Escherichia coli in companion animals in the United States","volume":"41","author":"Rankin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111490","article-title":"Canine Saliva as a possible source of antimicrobial resistance genes","volume":"11","author":"T\u00f3th","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4300","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124300","article-title":"Dogs and their owners have frequent and intensive contact","volume":"17","author":"Joosten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16314","article-title":"Serial point-prevalence surveys to estimate antibiotic use in a small animal veterinary teaching hospital, November 2018 to October 2019","volume":"36","author":"Hsieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16814","article-title":"Prevalence of antibiotic use for dogs and cats in United States veterinary teaching hospitals, August 2020","volume":"37","author":"Beaudoin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100593","article-title":"Evidence for the transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria between humans and companion animals: a scoping review","volume":"17","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2015.03.004","article-title":"Bacterial zoonoses transmitted by household pets: state-of-the-art and future perspectives for targeted research and policy actions","volume":"155","author":"Damborg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh332","article-title":"Pet animals as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria","volume":"54","author":"Guardabassi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880900226X","article-title":"Escherichia coli shedding patterns in humans and dogs: insights into within-household transmission of phylotypes associated with urinary tract infections","volume":"137","author":"Damborg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.081635","article-title":"Human-to-dog transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"15","author":"Rutland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.Es.2018.23.27.1700497","article-title":"Sharing more than friendship\u2014transmission of NDM-5 ST167 and CTX-M-9 ST69 Escherichia coli between dogs and humans in a family, Finland, 2015","volume":"23","author":"Gr\u00f6nthal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-023-04629-2","article-title":"Longitudinal study of ESBL\/AmpC-producing enterobacterales strains sharing between cohabiting healthy companion animals and humans in Portugal and in the United Kingdom","volume":"42","author":"Menezes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-015-2062-7","article-title":"Comparative analysis of phylogenetic group and antimicrobial resistance pattern of fecal Escherichia coli isolates between healthy dogs and their owners","volume":"24","author":"Naziri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp Clin Path"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.01.004","article-title":"Suspected transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between domestic pets and humans in veterinary clinics and in the household","volume":"115","author":"Weese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050637","article-title":"Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. from infected dogs to the home environment and owners","volume":"11","author":"R\u00f8ken","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100322","article-title":"Duration of carriage of multidrug-resistant bacteria in dogs and cats in veterinary care and co-carriage with their owners","volume":"13","author":"Dazio","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B20","author":"World Bank"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B21","volume-title":"Chapter 10: Analysing Data and Undertaking Meta-Analyses, from Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.2 (Updated February 2021)","author":"Higgins","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B22","volume-title":"Chapter 5: JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis","author":"Munn","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2022.323","article-title":"Impact of antimicrobial use in dogs on antimicrobial resistance and shared flora with human owners","volume":"3","author":"Beaulac","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir714","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from pets living in households with MRSA-infected children","volume":"54","author":"Bender","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.0132","article-title":"Environmental methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus contamination, persistent colonization, and subsequent skin and soft tissue infection","volume":"174","author":"Hogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027788","article-title":"Longitudinal study on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in households","volume":"6","author":"Laarhoven","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B27","author":"Silva"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14050470","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus: a review of the pathogenesis and virulence mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Touaitia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.12.010","article-title":"The turnover of strains in intermittent and persistent nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"72","author":"Ritchie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1087052","article-title":"Hospital-acquired and zoonotic bacteria from a veterinary hospital and their associated antimicrobial-susceptibility profiles: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Sebola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0009-2017","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a one health perspective","volume":"6","author":"McEwen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01415-5","article-title":"Critical importance of a one health approach to antimicrobial resistance","volume":"16","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B33","author":"American Pet Products Association"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2406.171998","article-title":"Human Pasteurella multocida infection with likely zoonotic transmission from a pet dog, Spain","volume":"24","author":"Abreu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009x.2020.1735142","article-title":"Persistent infection with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in an adult oncology patient with transmission from a family dog","volume":"32","author":"Blondeau","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00458","article-title":"Cohabiting family members share microbiota with one another and with their dogs","volume":"2","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-014-0052-7","article-title":"The shared microbiota of humans and companion animals as evaluated from Staphylococcus carriage sites","volume":"3","author":"Misic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2026060813024744000_dkag195-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.03.003","article-title":"In meta-analyses of proportion studies, funnel plots were found to be an inaccurate method of assessing publication bias","volume":"67","author":"Hunter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/81\/7\/dkag195\/68490438\/dkag195.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/81\/7\/dkag195\/68490438\/dkag195.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T17:02:54Z","timestamp":1780938174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jac\/dkag195\/8703967"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkag195","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-7453","1460-2091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-7453","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"article-number":"dkag195"}}