{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:27:49Z","timestamp":1786440469905,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006518","name":"University of Nebraska Medical Center Clinical Research Support Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MXH #1469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MXH #1469"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006518","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016436","name":"Nebraska Tobacco Settlement Biomedical Research Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016436","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-acting injectable (LAI) cabotegravir\/rilpivirine demonstrates substantial inter- and intraindividual variability in trough concentrations during the first year of use. We aimed to characterize trough concentration variability of cabotegravir and rilpivirine after &amp;gt;12\u2005months of continuous use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a prospective pharmacokinetic study in virologically suppressed people with HIV receiving bimonthly LAI cabotegravir\/rilpivirine 600\u2005mg\/900\u2005mg. Plasma trough samples were collected prior to three consecutive doses over 6 months for drug quantitation. Primary outcomes were inter- and intraindividual variability defined as coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Secondary outcomes included concentrations below the proposed 4x-protein-adjusted 90% inhibitory concentration (PA-IC90) for cabotegravir (4x-PA-IC90\u200a=\u200a664\u2005ng\/mL) and rilpivirine (4x-PA-IC90\u200a=\u200a48\u2005ng\/mL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 50 participants, 150 samples were collected. Participants were primarily male (80%) with a median age of 45\u2005years and a body mass index of 28\u2005kg\/m2. Median interindividual CVs were high for both cabotegravir [58%, interquartile range (IQR): 15, 59] and rilpivirine (52%, IQR: 18, 59). Median intraindividual CVs were moderate for both cabotegravir (24%, IQR: 15, 39) and rilpivirine (23%, IQR: 15, 39), with ICCs indicating good intraindividual agreement for cabotegravir (0.82) and moderate intraindividual agreement for rilpivirine (0.72). Twelve (8%) cabotegravir concentrations in 8 participants and 24 (16%) rilpivirine concentrations in 16 participants were below 4x-PA-IC90; however, all participants maintained virologic suppression throughout the study period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After one year of continuous use, inter- and intraindividual variability persists for cabotegravir and rilpivirine, indicating that clinical decisions should not be based on only one trough concentration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkag282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:38:55Z","timestamp":1785843535000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inter- and intraindividual variability of long-acting injectable cabotegravir\/rilpivirine trough concentrations after 1\u2005year of continuous use"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3068-3732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shawnalyn W","family":"Sunagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua P","family":"Havens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2130-2505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara H","family":"Bares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Kubat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1635-6365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Lyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Mykris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee C","family":"Winchester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Weinhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean N","family":"Avedissian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony T","family":"Podany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3703-7849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney V","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9406-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly K","family":"Scarsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081104310377600_dkag282-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-13805-7","article-title":"Acceptability of long acting injectable antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV at a large single centre","volume":"15","author":"Arsuffi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026081104310377600_dkag282-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23259582211009012","DOI":"10.1177\/23259582211009011","article-title":"The promise of improved adherence 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