{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:01:41Z","timestamp":1790337701920,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Diorapthe Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Actinomycetoma is a neglected tropical disease characterized by large tumorous lesions. It is caused by actinomycetes belonging to the genera Actinomadura, Nocardia and Streptomyces. Despite the differences between these genera and species, all actinomycetoma cases are treated with the same antibiotics. It is currently not known if the actinomycetoma causative agents have similar susceptibility patterns against these antibiotics. We therefore set out to determine the MICs for the most common causative agents against commonly used antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used the standard in vitro susceptibility method from the CLSI to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of 94 actinomycete isolates belonging to the Actinomadura, Nocardia and Streptomyces genera and associated with actinomycetoma against 12 antibiotics. The molecular basis behind the reduced susceptibility was further explored using the genomes of the isolates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All isolates were highly susceptible to linezolid (100%), amikacin (98.9%) and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (87.2%). For amoxicillin\/clavulanate and rifampicin, species-dependent susceptibility was noted. We found that 55% of Actinomadura madurae isolates, 61.5% of Nocardia brasiliensis isolates and 100% of Streptomyces somaliensis and Streptomyces sudanensis were susceptible to amoxicillin\/clavulanate. All A. madurae, Actinomadura pelletieri and N. brasiliensis isolates were resistant to rifampicin, whereas all S. somaliensis and S. sudanensis isolates were susceptible. This was most likely due to amino acid differences in the RpoB gene.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clear differences in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were noted for the different actinomycetoma causative agents, indicating that actinomycetoma treatment should be tailored to the causative agent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkag325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:52:55Z","timestamp":1789041175000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potential clinical implications due to essential differences in antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of actinomycetoma causative agents of the\n                    <i>Actinomadura<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>Nocardia<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Streptomyces<\/i>\n                    genera towards commonly used anti-actinomycetoma drugs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3552-669X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rihab A H","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Dongola , Dongola ,","place":["Sudan"]},{"name":"Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum , Khartoum ,","place":["Sudan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3389-515X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew K","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3983-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mickey","family":"Konings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9109-2120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Mickiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4922-7321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed H","family":"Fahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum , Khartoum ,","place":["Sudan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2045-3317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandro","family":"Bonifaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General de M\u00e9xico Dr Eduardo Liceaga: Ciudad de Mexico , Mexico City ,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0560-2372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doudou","family":"Sow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology-Mycology, UFR Sciences de La Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Gaston Berger , Saint Louis ,","place":["Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6977-9388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff","family":"Errington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Bioscience 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