{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T09:47:11Z","timestamp":1791798431975,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/01922-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/01922-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.928147\/2023-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.928147\/2023-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312684\/2022-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312684\/2022-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"NIH\/NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01AI083214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01AI083214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three ATP-binding cassette subfamily F (ABC-F) PoxtA protein sequences are currently represented in NCBI\u2019s Pathogen Detection Reference Gene Catalog (WP_002415638.1, WP_209691075.1, and WP_094899500.1), while the number of publicly available sequences has steadily increased. We therefore conducted a curated survey of PoxtA homologue diversity, distribution, amino acid variability, and dissemination-associated genetic contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>WP accessions were retrieved using BLASTp nr and a corresponding data package was obtained from NCBI Datasets v18.0.1. Proteins were aligned with MAFFT v7.525, clustered with CD-HIT v4.8.1, and maximum likelihood trees inferred in IQ-TREE v2.4.0. Gene occurrence derived from GCF assemblies containing host or source metadata. Genetic contexts were then investigated through sequence alignments of genomic regions extracted from these datasets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 83 non-redundant PoxtA-related WP accessions retrieved, 21 homologues clustered with canonical RefSeq PoxtA proteins, while the remaining proteins were more distantly related to ABC-F. Predominantly associated with Bacillota, homologues exhibited broad distribution across clinical, agricultural, food-associated, and environmental sources. Substitutions potentially affecting their ribosome interactions were identified mainly within the Arm subdomain and the antibiotic-resistance domain. Genomes encoding homologues exhibited diverse genetic contexts, including partial conservation of Tn6657, intact Tn6246 and Tn8026 structures, and atypical contexts carrying additional resistance genes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Homologue diversification suggests ongoing adaptation and highlights an expanding repertoire of amino acid substitutions with yet unresolved structural and functional impacts. Genetic contexts likely underlie intra- and interspecies horizontal dissemination of homologue genes by promoting co-selection under antimicrobial selective pressures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkag339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:31:19Z","timestamp":1790508679000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phylogenetic diversification of the PoxtA ribosomal protection determinant"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9027-5221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara M","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe M","family":"Zorzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo, SP ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kawany M","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo, SP ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joas L","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota , Austin, MN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea M","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo, SP ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Bispo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S","family":"Gilmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00251","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance ABC-F proteins: bringing target protection into the limelight","volume":"4","author":"Sharkey","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01975-15","article-title":"ABC-F Proteins mediate antibiotic resistance through ribosomal protection","volume":"7","author":"Sharkey","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23753-1","article-title":"Structural basis of ABCF-mediated resistance to pleuromutilin, lincosamide, and streptogramin A antibiotics in Gram-positive pathogens","volume":"12","author":"Crowe-McAuliffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8978","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1808535115","article-title":"Structural basis for antibiotic resistance mediated by the Bacillus subtilis ABCF ATPase VmlR","volume":"115","author":"Crowe-McAuliffe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5157","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803313115","article-title":"Ribosome protection by antibiotic resistance ATP-binding cassette protein","volume":"115","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv116","article-title":"A novel gene, optrA, that confers transferable resistance to oxazolidinones and phenicols and its presence in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium of human and animal origin","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.13311","article-title":"A novel inhibitor of the new antibiotic resistance protein OptrA","volume":"92","author":"Zhong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky088","article-title":"Characterization of poxtA, a novel phenicol-oxazolidinone-tetracycline resistance gene from an MRSA of clinical origin","volume":"73","author":"Antonelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29274-9","article-title":"Structural basis for PoxtA-mediated resistance to phenicol and oxazolidinone antibiotics","volume":"13","author":"Crowe-McAuliffe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00188-20","article-title":"Mobile oxazolidinone resistance genes in Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria","volume":"34","author":"Schwarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac263","article-title":"Oxazolidinones: mechanisms of resistance and mobile genetic elements involved","volume":"77","author":"Brenciani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa325","article-title":"Studies on the role of IS1216E in the formation and dissemination of poxtA-carrying plasmids in an Enterococcus faecium clade A1 isolate","volume":"75","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01505-21","article-title":"Plasmid fusion and recombination events that occurred during conjugation of poxtA-carrying plasmids in enterococci","volume":"10","author":"Shan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz278","article-title":"Characterization of Tn6349, a novel mosaic transposon carrying poxtA, cfr and other resistance determinants, inserted in the chromosome of an ST5-MRSA-II strain of clinical origin","volume":"74","author":"D\u2019Andrea","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa227","article-title":"Linezolid-resistant (Tn6246::fexB-poxtA) Enterococcus faecium strains colonizing humans and bovines on different continents: similarity without epidemiological link","volume":"75","author":"Freitas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1010513","article-title":"Persistence of transferable oxazolidinone resistance genes in enterococcal isolates from a swine farm in China","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa075","article-title":"Linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from hospitalized patients in Ireland: high prevalence of the MDR genes optrA and poxtA in isolates with diverse genetic backgrounds","volume":"75","author":"Egan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz109","article-title":"Analysis of a poxtA- and optrA-co-carrying conjugative multiresistance plasmid from Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"74","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.05.021","article-title":"Detection of transferable oxazolidinone resistance determinants in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium of swine origin in Sichuan Province, China","volume":"19","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz198","article-title":"Detection of the phenicol-oxazolidinone-tetracycline resistance gene poxtA in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis of food-producing animal origin in China","volume":"74","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.06.012","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing of Enterococcus hirae CQP3-9, a strain carrying the phenicol-oxazolidinone-tetracycline resistance gene poxtA of swine origin in China","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz449","article-title":"Identification of a poxtA- and cfr-carrying multiresistant Enterococcus hirae strain","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab408","article-title":"Linezolid-resistant Enterococcus gallinarum isolate of swine origin carrying cfr, optrA and poxtA genes","volume":"77","author":"Coccitto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109219","article-title":"Clonal spread and horizontal transfer mediate dissemination of phenicol-oxazolidinone-tetracycline resistance gene poxtA in enterococci isolates from a swine farm in China","volume":"262","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050601","article-title":"Identification of the multiresistance gene poxtA in oxazolidinone-susceptible Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus of pig and feed origins","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw040","article-title":"Co-location of the oxazolidinone resistance genes optrA and cfr on a multiresistance plasmid from Staphylococcus sciuri","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.914764","article-title":"Prevalence of livestock-associated MRSA ST398 in a swine slaughterhouse in Guangzhou, China","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac169","article-title":"Characterization of an MDR Lactobacillus salivarius isolate harbouring the phenicol-oxazolidinone-tetracycline resistance gene poxtA","volume":"77","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00695-21","article-title":"Detection of poxtA2, a presumptive poxtA ancestor, in a plasmid from a linezolid-resistant Enterococcus gallinarum isolate","volume":"65","author":"Baccani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.12.012","article-title":"Detection of poxtA- and optrA-carrying E. faecium isolates in air samples of a Spanish swine farm","volume":"22","author":"Ruiz-Ripa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-421","article-title":"BLAST+: architecture and applications","volume":"10","author":"Camacho","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03571-y","article-title":"Exploring and retrieving sequence and metadata for species across the tree of life with NCBI datasets","volume":"11","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436","article-title":"MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015","article-title":"IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era","volume":"37","author":"Minh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W78","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268","article-title":"Interactive tree of life (iTOL) v6: recent updates to the phylogenetic tree display and annotation tool","volume":"52","author":"Letunic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl158","article-title":"Cd-hit: a fast program for clustering and comparing large sets of protein or nucleotide sequences","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10915","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.22.10915","article-title":"Amino acid substitution matrices from protein blocks","volume":"89","author":"Henikoff","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026101205051106100_dkag339-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001803","article-title":"Novel transposon Tn8026 acts as a global driver of transmissible linezolid resistance in Enterococcus via a linear plasmid","volume":"12","author":"Hall","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microb Genom"}],"container-title":["Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/81\/11\/dkag339\/71859840\/dkag339.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/81\/11\/dkag339\/71859840\/dkag339.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T09:05:20Z","timestamp":1791795920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jac\/dkag339\/8909086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkag339","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-7453","1460-2091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-7453","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"article-number":"dkag339"}}