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Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, two of the most fascinating drugs developed in the last 50 years, are increasingly recognized for their effectiveness in myriad non-malarial diseases. In advanced research, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been shown to have various immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive effects, and currently have established roles in the management of rheumatic diseases, lupus erythematosus (different forms) and skin diseases, and in the treatment of different forms of cancer. Recently, chloroquine analogues have also been found to have metabolic, cardiovascular, antithrombotic and antineoplastic effects. This review is concerned with the lysosomotropic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, quinacrine and related analogues, and the current evidence for both their beneficial effects and potential adverse manifestations in various diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,19]],"date-time":"2015-02-19T00:34:24Z","timestamp":1424306064000},"page":"1608-1621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":398,"title":["Chloroquine analogues in drug discovery: new directions of uses, mechanisms of actions and toxic manifestations from malaria to multifarious diseases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Md. Abdul Alim","family":"Al-Bari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022020123175888100_DKV018C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2012.10.005","article-title":"Antimalarials in dermatology: mechanism of action, indications, and side effects","volume":"105","author":"Rodriguez-Caruncho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"2022020123175888100_DKV018C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-3-9","article-title":"Development of antimalarial drugs and their application in China: historical review","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Dis 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