{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T02:04:45Z","timestamp":1773281085373,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bacterial biofilms developing in the bronchial tree of patients experiencing acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECBs) are suggested to cause relapses and recurrences of the disease because the matrix barrier impairs antibiotic access to the offending organisms. We examined whether bronchodilators could modulate pneumococcal biofilm development and antibiotic action using an in vitro model.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Streptococcus pneumoniae strains from patients hospitalized for AECBs and two reference strains (ATCC 49619 and R6) were screened for biofilm formation (multi-well plates; 2\u201311 days of growth). Ipratropium and salbutamol (alone or in combination) were added at concentrations of 1.45 and 7.25 mg\/L, respectively (mimicking those in the bronchial tree), and their effects were measured on biofilm formation and modulation of the activity of antibiotics [full antibiotic concentration-dependent effects (pharmacodynamic model)] with a focus on moxifloxacin and solithromycin. Bacterial viability and biomass were measured by the reduction of resazurin and crystal violet staining, respectively. Release of sialic acid (from biofilm) and neuraminidase activity were measured using enzymatic and HPLC\u2013MS detection of sialic acid.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All clinical isolates produced biofilms, but with fast disassembly if from patients who had received muscarinic antagonists. Ipratropium caused: (i) reduced biomass formation and faster biofilm disassembly with free sialic acid release; and (ii) a marked improvement of antibiotic activity (bacterial killing and biomass reduction). Salbutamol stimulated neuraminidase activity associated with improved antibiotic killing activity (reversed by zanamivir) but modest biomass reduction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ipratropium and, to a lesser extent, salbutamol may cooperate with antibiotics for bacterial clearance and disassembly of pneumococcal biofilms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]],"date-time":"2015-03-05T01:31:20Z","timestamp":1425519080000},"page":"1713-1726","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Modulation of the activity of moxifloxacin and solithromycin in an <i>in vitro<\/i> pharmacodynamic model of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i> naive and induced biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Nathalie M.","family":"Vandevelde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 \u00a0Pharmacologie cellulaire et mol\u00e9culaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Tulkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 \u00a0Pharmacologie cellulaire et mol\u00e9culaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulio G.","family":"Muccioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 \u00a0Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Van Bambeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 \u00a0Pharmacologie cellulaire et mol\u00e9culaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022020123174993200_DKV032C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2009.01979.x","article-title":"Versatility of the capsular genes during biofilm formation by Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"11","author":"Domenech","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2022020123174993200_DKV032C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01546-10","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibilities and serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from elderly patients with pneumonia and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"55","author":"Perez-Trallero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents 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