{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T23:42:33Z","timestamp":1772840553188,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To describe antibacterial prescribing patterns in outpatients aged 0\u20135\u2009years from 2007 to 2013 in the Emilia-Romagna region, assessing sex- and age-specific consumption over time.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All children aged 0\u20135\u2009years resident in the Emilia-Romagna region who received at least one prescription of a systemic antibacterial in the period 2007\u201313 were enrolled. The prescriptions of systemic antibacterials to children were collected from the regional prescription database. Data were stratified by year, sex and age, and analysed in terms of periodic prevalence and of annual prescription rate per 1000 person-years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of children receiving at least one prescription per year varied from 68.0% in 2007 to 59.0% in 2013, while the average prevalence of children receiving five or more prescriptions per year was 6.96%. The annual prescription rate varied from 1621.26 in 2007 to 1372.27 in 2013. Penicillins\u2009+\u2009\u03b2-lactamase inhibitors accounted for 35.3% of total prescriptions, followed by extended-spectrum penicillins (28.6%), macrolides (17.0%) and third-generation cephalosporins (13.9%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite recommendations, a significant overprescription of antibacterials to children still exists, showing no satisfactory improvements over the years. In contrast to Northern European countries, adherence to evidence-based guidelines was poor, with frequent prescribing of broad-spectrum agents for the treatment of mostly viral childhood infectious disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]],"date-time":"2019-03-20T20:14:28Z","timestamp":1553112868000},"page":"2434-2439","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antibacterial prescription in Italian preschool children: analysis of 7 years of data from the Emilia-Romagna region reimbursement database"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Ottavio","family":"D\u2019Annibali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Bonaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monia","family":"Donati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Sm\u00e5brekke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT\u2014The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Motola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Vaccheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019071909295760300_dkz153-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-009-0679-7","article-title":"Drug prescriptions to outpatient children: a review of the literature","volume":"65","author":"Clavenna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2019071909295760300_dkz153-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.23.3133","article-title":"Dynamics of antibiotic prescribing for children","volume":"287","author":"Pichichero","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019071909295760300_dkz153-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofw045.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw045","article-title":"Unnecessary antibiotics for acute respiratory tract infections: association with care setting and patient demographics","volume":"3","author":"Barlam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019071909295760300_dkz153-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.11.875","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing for children with colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and bronchitis","volume":"279","author":"Nyquist","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019071909295760300_dkz153-B5","author":"Di Mario","year":"2015"},{"key":"2019071909295760300_dkz153-B6","first-page":"442","article-title":"Acute pharyngitis in childhood. 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