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Children were switched from standard-of-care lopinavir\/ritonavir-4:1 with additional ritonavir (1:1 ratio) twice daily to 8-hourly lopinavir\/ritonavir-4:1 using weight-banded dosing. Rifampicin was dosed at 10\u201320\u2009mg\/kg\/day. After 2\u2009weeks, plasma samples were collected \u223c2, 4, 6, 8 and 10\u2009h after the morning lopinavir\/ritonavir-4:1 dose, ALT was obtained to assess safety and treatment was switched back to standard of care. ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT01637558.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited 11 children in two weight bands: 5 (45%) were 10\u201313.9\u2009kg and received 20\u201324\u2009mg\/kg\/dose of lopinavir and 6 (55%) children weighed 6\u20139.9\u2009kg and received 20\u201323\u2009mg\/kg\/dose of lopinavir. The median age was 15\u2009months (IQR\u205f=\u205f12.6\u201328.8\u2009months). The median (IQR) lopinavir Cmin was 3.0 (0.1\u20135.5) mg\/L. Seven (63.6%) of the 11 children had Cmin values \u22651\u2009mg\/L. Children with a lopinavir mg\/kg dose below the median 21.5 were more likely to have Cmin &lt;1\u2009mg\/L (P\u205f=\u205f0.02). There was a strong positive correlation between lopinavir and ritonavir concentrations. No associations were found between lopinavir AUC2\u201310 and age, sex, weight, nutritional status or mg\/kg\/dose of lopinavir.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data do not support the use of 8-hourly lopinavir\/ritonavir at studied doses. Evaluation of higher doses is needed to optimize treatment outcomes of TB and HIV in young children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]],"date-time":"2019-04-24T03:13:09Z","timestamp":1556075589000},"page":"2347-2351","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of adjusted-dose 8-hourly lopinavir\/ritonavir in HIV-infected children co-treated with rifampicin"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Helena","family":"Rabie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and Children\u2019s Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Unit, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Rawizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 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