{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:18:11Z","timestamp":1782919091279,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"KAKENHI"},{"name":"JSPS Core-to-Core Program"},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008670","name":"Terumo Foundation for Life Sciences and Arts","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008670","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the prevalence and patterns of pre-treatment and acquired HIV drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in Tanzania as a \u2018treat all\u2019 strategy, virological monitoring and the progressive increase in usage of tenofovir are being implemented in HIV treatment programmes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Viral RNA was isolated from plasma of 60 ART-naive and 166 treated-but-viraemic (&gt;400\u2009copies\/mL) HIV-1-infected adults attending a care and treatment clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, between June and October 2017. Viral genes encoding protease and reverse transcriptase were amplified by PCR and directly sequenced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Viral genotyping of successfully amplified samples revealed pre-treatment DRMs in 14\/47 (29.8%) ART-naive subjects. Of these, 7\/47 (14.9%) harboured mutations that confer high-level resistance to at least one drug of the default first-line regimen. In treated-but-viraemic subjects, DRMs were found in 100\/111 (90%), where DRMs against NNRTI, NRTI and PI were observed in 95\/100 (95%), 92\/100 (92%) and 13\/100 (13%), respectively. Tenofovir-resistance mutations K65R and K70G\/E or \u22653 thymidine analogue resistance mutations including M41L and L210W were found in 18\/36 (50%) subjects on a tenofovir-containing regimen at failure. Four patients harboured multiple DRMs, which can confer resistance to all available ART regimens in Tanzania.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, pre-treatment and acquired DRMs were highly prevalent, which represents a major risk for the efficacy of ART programmes in Tanzania. Availability of a newer generation of antiretroviral drugs with a higher genetic barrier to resistance and robust treatment monitoring is warranted for effective and sustainable HIV treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,15]],"date-time":"2019-06-15T11:09:08Z","timestamp":1560596948000},"page":"3016-3020","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Pre-treatment and acquired HIV drug resistance in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in the era of tenofovir and routine viral load monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Barabona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Macdonald","family":"Mahiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto 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