{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:28:58Z","timestamp":1791325738555,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Actionable data on antimicrobial use is important when planning strategic interventions such as antimicrobial stewardship to address the challenge of drug resistance, particularly in resource-constrained settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the prevalence of antibiotic use, the pattern of commonly used antibiotics and patient factors that may be associated with the increased use of antibiotics in the study hospitals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study conducted using the WHO Methodology for Point Prevalence Surveys in hospitals. Chi-squared analysis, Fisher\u2019s exact test and logistic regression were employed to analyse statistically the data obtained.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall prevalence of antibiotic use in the hospitals was 60.5%. The commonest indications for antibiotic recommendations were community-acquired infections (36.5%), surgical prophylaxis (26.1%) and hospital-acquired infections (15.7%), among others. Very few (2.7%) of the patients had their samples taken for culture and susceptibility testing to guide therapy. Penicillins (48.7%), cephalosporins (23.5%) and fluoroquinolones (17.4%) were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics. Concurrent malaria infection [adjusted OR (AOR) 0.33, 95% CI 0.11\u20130.94, P\u200a=\u200a0.04] and increasing age (AOR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96\u20131.00, P\u200a=\u200a0.02) were associated with lower risk of antibiotic use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of antibiotic consumption in the hospitals was lower than that reported in similar studies in Ghana, but high relative to some reports from high-income countries. Most antibiotic therapy was empirical and not guided by culture and susceptibility testing. There is the need for application of the WHO AWaRe classification for the selection of antibiotics and increased use of culture and susceptibility data to guide infectious disease therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlab008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T10:06:57Z","timestamp":1610618817000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Point prevalence survey of antibiotic consumption across three hospitals in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0016-7639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Obed Kwabena Offe","family":"Amponsah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwame Ohene","family":"Buabeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Owusu-Ofori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana Kwame","family":"Ayisi-Boateng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"},{"name":"University Hospital, University Health Services, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katri","family":"H\u00e4meen-Anttila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Assessment of Pharmacotherapies, Finnish Medicines Agency, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Enlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Assessment of Pharmacotherapies, Finnish Medicines Agency, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021052708291765200_dlab008-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1155\/2006\/707296","article-title":"Where have all the antibiotics gone?","volume":"17","author":"Davies","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2021052708291765200_dlab008-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0384-3","article-title":"Enumerating the economic cost of antimicrobial resistance per antibiotic consumed to inform the evaluation of interventions affecting their use","volume":"7","author":"Shrestha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"2021052708291765200_dlab008-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0189621","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189621","article-title":"Clinical and economic impact of antibiotic resistance in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Founou","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021052708291765200_dlab008-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0125-x","article-title":"The cost of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"17","author":"Hofer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2021052708291765200_dlab008-B5","author":"WHO. 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