{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:31:21Z","timestamp":1789536681310,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":48,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of antimicrobials in layer poultry production for improved production, growth promotion, prophylaxis and treatment purposes has contributed to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry. In Zambia, there is a paucity of information on the prevalence and AMR patterns of Enterococcus species isolated from laying hens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated the prevalence and AMR patterns of enterococci isolated in layer hens in Lusaka and Copperbelt provinces of Zambia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to April 2021. Three hundred and sixty-five pooled cloacal swab samples were collected from 77 layer poultry farms. Enterococci identification and confirmation were performed using Analytical Profile Index (API 20 STREP) and 16S rRNA sequencing, respectively. A panel of nine antibiotics was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing and interpreted according to the CLSI 2020 guidelines. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23 and WHONET 2020.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 308 (84.4%) single Enterococcus species isolates were obtained and showed resistance to tetracycline (80.5%), erythromycin (53.6%), quinupristin\/dalfopristin (53.2%), ampicillin (36.72%), vancomycin (32.8%), linezolid (30.2%), ciprofloxacin (11.0%), nitrofurantoin (6.5%) and chloramphenicol (3.9%). The prevalence of enterococci resistant to at least one antibiotic was 99.4% (n\u200a=\u200a306), of which 86% (n\u200a=\u200a265) were MDR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study found a high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci. The presence of MDR requires urgent intervention and implementation of AMR surveillance strategies and antimicrobial stewardship programmes in layer poultry production in Zambia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlac126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T08:57:01Z","timestamp":1671699421000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of<i>Enterococcus<\/i>species isolated from laying hens in Lusaka and Copperbelt provinces of Zambia: a call for AMR surveillance in the poultry sector"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1692-8981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steward","family":"Mudenda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-7039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott Kaba","family":"Matafwali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Malama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musso","family":"Munyeme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaunda","family":"Yamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Microbiology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospitals , Lusaka , Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Katemangwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Siluchali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiological Sciences, Institute of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University , Lusaka , Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Mainda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock , Lusaka , Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercy","family":"Mukuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavien Nsoni","family":"Bumbangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Eden University , P.O. Box 37727, Lusaka , Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Mirisho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, St Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences , Ifakara , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Bwalya","family":"Muma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/0376835X.2018.1480932","article-title":"Analysis of the animal feed to poultry value chain in Zambia","volume":"35","author":"Samboko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev South Afr"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233691","article-title":"Mortality as the primary constraint to enhancing nutritional and financial gains from poultry: a multi-year longitudinal study of smallholder farmers in western Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Otiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010080","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and common practices of livestock and poultry veterinary practitioners regarding the AMU and AMR in Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Kalam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance\u2014A Global Threat.","author":"Agyare","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00078","article-title":"Drivers of antibiotic use in poultry production in Bangladesh: dependencies and dynamics of a patron-client relationship","volume":"7","author":"Al Masud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-021-00635-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in the globalized food chain: a one health perspective applied to the poultry industry","volume":"53","author":"de Mesquita Souza Saraiva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brazilian J Microbiol"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","article-title":"The current status of the alternative use to antibiotics in poultry production: an African perspective","volume":"9","author":"Selaledi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1737-0","article-title":"Veterinary medicinal product usage among food animal producers and its health implications in Central Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Tufa","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.09.016","article-title":"The use of antimicrobials in global pig production: a systematic review of methods for quantification","volume":"160","author":"Lekagul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-021-00361-4","article-title":"Access, use and disposal of antimicrobials among humans and animals in Wakiso district, Uganda: a qualitative study","volume":"14","author":"Musoke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pharm Policy Pract"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlac107","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices on antimicrobial resistance among pharmacy personnel and nurses at a tertiary hospital in Ndola, Zambia: implications for antimicrobial stewardship programmes","volume":"4","author":"Tembo","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10031020","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. isolated from environmental samples in an area of intensive poultry production","volume":"10","author":"Furtula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-021-00201-6","article-title":"Resistance and virulence distribution in enterococci isolated from broilers reared in two farming systems","volume":"74","author":"Semedo-Lemsaddek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ir Vet J"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020171","article-title":"Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in poultry in Malaysia: the first meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Wada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03226.x","article-title":"Mobile genetic elements and their contribution to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium","volume":"16","author":"Hegstad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6785195","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6785195","article-title":"Antibiotic use in poultry production in Grenada","volume":"2019","author":"Glasgow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Med Int"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03056-9","article-title":"Antimicrobial usage in cattle and poultry production in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: pattern and quantity","volume":"18","author":"Azabo","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070784","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices on antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance among commercial poultry farmers in Bangladesh","volume":"10","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02938-2","article-title":"Association between antimicrobial usage and resistance in Salmonella from poultry farms in Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Jibril","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","article-title":"Antibiotic use among poultry farmers in the Dormaa municipality, Ghana. Report for Fleming Fund Fellowship Programme","author":"Nkansa","year":"2020."},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727365","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.727365","article-title":"A cross-sectional survey of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of antimicrobial users and providers in an area of high-density livestock-human population in Western Kenya","volume":"8","author":"Kemp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00617-8","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices of animal farm owners\/workers on antibiotic use and resistance in Amhara region, Northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Geta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70517-w","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance at the human-animal interface in the pastoralist communities of Kasese District, South Western Uganda","volume":"10","author":"Iramiot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070800","article-title":"Antimicrobial usage in commercial and domestic poultry farming in two communities in the Ashanti region of Ghana","volume":"10","author":"Paintsil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12247","article-title":"Zoonotic public health hazards in backyard chickens","volume":"63","author":"Pohjola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0863-8","article-title":"Characteristic of Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates with quinupristin\/dalfopristin resistance in China","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0053-2018","article-title":"Pathogenicity of enterococci","volume":"7","author":"Fiore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-18","article-title":"The enterococcus: a model of adaptability to its environment","volume":"32","author":"Garc\u00eda-Solache","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2018.00083","article-title":"Genotypes and phenotypes of enterococci isolated from broiler chickens","volume":"2","author":"Rehman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Sustain Food Syst"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9091283","article-title":"Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance and molecular diversity of Enterococcus faecium in processed pork meat products in Korea","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1159\/000516216","article-title":"High-level resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline and dissemination of resistance determinants among clinical enterococci in Iran","volume":"30","author":"Ahmadpoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1291-1","article-title":"Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and risk factors associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella on Ugandan layer hen farms","volume":"13","author":"Odoch","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","first-page":"8692","article-title":"Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from poultry in Casablanca-Settat, Morocco","volume":"9","author":"Es-Soucratti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ital J Food Saf"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.664","article-title":"Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli in broiler chickens, farm workers, and farm sewage in Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Mandal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-11","article-title":"Food animals and antimicrobials: impacts on human health","volume":"24","author":"Marshall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","article-title":"Human, animal and environmental contributors to antibiotic resistance in low-resource settings: integrating behavioural, epidemiological and one health approaches","volume":"285","author":"Rousham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2016.016","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus strains isolated from poultry","volume":"64","author":"Ste\u00b8pie\u0144-Py\u015bniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9050885","article-title":"Rethinking manure application: increase in multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. in agricultural soil following chicken litter application","volume":"9","author":"Fatoba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050591","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance patterns of Listeria species isolated from broiler abattoirs in Lusaka, Zambia","volume":"11","author":"Mpundu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12439","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12439","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli isolated from Zambian dairy cattle across different production systems","volume":"5","author":"Mainda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5275724","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5275724","article-title":"Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in market-ready chickens in Zambia","volume":"2016","author":"Chishimba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5430\/jer.v6n1p35","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from retail broiler chicken carcasses in Zambia","volume":"6","author":"Muligisa-Muonga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Res"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5430\/jer.v6n1p13","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella species and Escherichia coli in broiler chickens from farms, abattoirs, and open markets in selected districts of Zambia","volume":"6","author":"Phiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Res"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11030383","article-title":"Awareness of antimicrobial resistance and associated factors among layer poultry farmers in Zambia: implications for surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship programs","volume":"11","author":"Mudenda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/27007","volume-title":"Zambia jobs in value chains: opportunities in agribusiness","author":"Krishnan","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing\u2014Thirtieth Edition: M100","author":"CLSI","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01559-19","article-title":"Chicken meat-associated enterococci: influence of agricultural antibiotic use and connection to the clinic","volume":"85","author":"Manson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method","volume":"45","author":"Bauer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","first-page":"55","article-title":"Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol","author":"Hudzicki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Soc Microbiol"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kirby-Bauer-Disk-Diffusion-Susceptibility-Test-Protocol"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13416","article-title":"Characterization of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from the cloaca of \u2018fancy breeds\u2019 and confined chickens","volume":"122","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01229.x","article-title":"Comparative analysis on antibiotic resistance characteristics of Listeria spp. and Enterococcus spp. isolated from laying hens and eggs in conventional and organic keeping systems in Bavaria, Germany","volume":"57","author":"Schwaiger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","first-page":"391","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus species isolated from chicken in Turkey","volume":"38","author":"Sanlibaba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex275","article-title":"Comparison of the loads and antibiotic-resistance profiles of Enterococcus species from conventional and organic chicken carcasses in South Korea","volume":"97","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101606","article-title":"Research note: antimicrobial resistance profile of Enterococcus spp. isolated from the eggshell of laying hens submitted to pharmacological treatment","volume":"101","author":"Lanza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11030380","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence genes in Enterococcus species from small backyard chicken flocks","volume":"11","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11091210","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices of community pharmacy professionals on poultry antimicrobial dispensing, use and resistance in Zambia: implications on antibiotic stewardship and WHO AWaRe classification of antibiotics","volume":"11","author":"Mudenda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.669","article-title":"Molecular detection and antibiotyping of multi-drug resistant Enterococcus faecium from healthy broiler chickens in Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Roy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8060111","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices on antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance among poultry drug and feed sellers in Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Kalam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101763","article-title":"Research note: molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene analysis of Enterococcus faecalis in poultry in Tai\u2019an, China","volume":"101","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","volume-title":"Erythromycin","author":"Farzam","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1185771","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. isolated from laying hens of backyard poultry flocks","volume":"22","author":"Bertelloni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S184","DOI":"10.1086\/519471","article-title":"Alternatives to vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"45","author":"Micek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.21282","article-title":"Intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms in Enterococcus","volume":"3","author":"Hollenbeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku530","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of chloramphenicol: joining the revival of old antibiotics? Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"70","author":"Eliakim-Raz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_419_17","article-title":"Pattern of antibacterial resistance in urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Mortazavi-Tabatabaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","first-page":"678","article-title":"Detection of linezolid resistance due to the optrA gene in Enterococcus faecalis from poultry meat from the American continent (Colombia)","volume":"72","author":"Cavaco","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.06.087","article-title":"Characteristics of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolates from broiler breeder farms","volume":"99","author":"Yoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab376","article-title":"Large diversity of linezolid-resistant isolates discovered in food-producing animals through linezolid selective monitoring in Belgium in 2019","volume":"77","author":"Timmermans","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11040467","article-title":"Escherichia coli isolated from organic laying hens reveal a high level of antimicrobial resistance despite no antimicrobial treatments","volume":"11","author":"Hess","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2020.09.004","article-title":"Use of antimicrobials in food animals and impact of transmission of antimicrobial resistance on humans","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosaf Heal"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.01980-21","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. isolated from a beef processing plant and retail ground beef","volume":"9","author":"Holman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2023030409465458000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712455634","article-title":"Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and distribution of enterococcal clonal complex 17 from animals and human beings in Korea","volume":"24","author":"Kwon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Diagnostic Investig"}],"container-title":["JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jacamr\/article-pdf\/4\/6\/dlac126\/49409852\/dlac126.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jacamr\/article-pdf\/4\/6\/dlac126\/49409852\/dlac126.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T09:15:17Z","timestamp":1678785317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jacamr\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jacamr\/dlac126\/6955595"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jacamr\/dlac126","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-1823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-1823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"article-number":"dlac126"}}