{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T13:17:14Z","timestamp":1758892634896,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund and the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81973294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81973294"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To decelerate antibiotic resistance driven by inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, a prescription review and feedback (PRF) policy is implemented in primary healthcare institutions (PHIs) in Beijing, China. However, evaluation of PRF implementation in PHIs is scarce. This study aims to systematically identify the barriers and facilitators of PRF policy implementation to provide evidence for antimicrobial stewardship.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted key informant interviews with 40 stakeholders engaged in the implementation of PRF in Beijing, including physicians, pharmacists and administrators. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. We coded the interview transcripts and mapped informant views to domains of the Theoretical Domains Framework. We then used a behaviour change wheel to suggest possible behavioural interventions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Procedural knowledge (Knowledge) and skills (Skill) of PRF were possessed by stakeholders. They felt responsible to promote the appropriate use of antibiotics (Social\/professional role and identity) and believed that PRF could help to change inappropriate provider behaviours (Behavioural regulation) in prescribing antibiotics (Beliefs about consequences) under increased intention on antibiotic use (Stages of change). Moreover, informants called for a more unified review standard to enhance PRF implementation (Goals). Frequently identified barriers to PRF included inadequate capacity (Skill), using punishment mechanism (Behaviour regulation), reaching consistently lower antibiotic prescription rates (Goals), lack of resources (Environmental context and resources) and perceived pressure coming from patients (Social influences).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Stakeholders believed that PRF implementation promoted the rational use of antibiotics at PHIs in Beijing. Still, PRF was hampered by inconsistencies in review process and resources needed for PRF implementation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlad128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T20:32:14Z","timestamp":1701462734000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of prescription review and feedback policy on rational antibiotic use in primary healthcare settings in Beijing, China: a qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework and the behaviour change wheel"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Haishaerjiang","family":"Wushouer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shicai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huangqianyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanmeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaoyao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital , Beijing 100044 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund, China Office , Beijing 100600 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing 100034 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1290-3827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luwen","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023122114514331400_dlad128-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e619","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30186-4","article-title":"Antimicrobial consumption and resistance in adult hospital inpatients in 53 countries: results of an internet-based global point prevalence 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