{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:13:03Z","timestamp":1788412383725,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antibiotic adherence is poor amongst people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Low-quality patient information leaflets (PILs), which accompany prescription antibiotics, with poor readability may contribute to poor antibiotic adherence, with the potential for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development. The aim of this study was to examine the readability of antibiotic PILs used to treat CF lung infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CF-related antibiotics (n\u200a=\u200a23; seven classes: aminoglycosides, \u03b2-lactams, fluoroquinolones, macrolides\/lincosamides, oxazolidinones, tetracyclines, trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole) were investigated. Readability of PILs (n\u200a=\u200a141; 23 antibiotics) from the EU (n\u200a=\u200a40), USA (n\u200a=\u200a42) and UK (n\u200a=\u200a59) was calculated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mean [\u00b1 standard error of mean (SEM)] values for the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) for EU, USA and UK were 50.0\u200a\u00b1\u200a1.1, 56.2\u200a\u00b1\u200a1.3 and 51.7\u200a\u00b1\u200a1.1, respectively (FRE target \u226560). Mean (\u00b1 SEM) values for the Flesch Kinkaid Grade Level (FKGL) for the EU, USA and UK were 9.0\u200a\u00b1\u200a0.2, 7.5\u200a\u00b1\u200a0.2 and 9.6\u200a\u00b1\u200a0.2, respectively (FKGL target \u22648). US PILs were significantly shorter (P\u200a&amp;lt;\u200a0.0001) in words (mean\u200a\u00b1\u200aSEM\u200a=\u200a1365\u200a\u00b1\u200a52), than either UK or EU PILs, with fewer sentences (P\u200a&amp;lt;\u200a0.0001), fewer words per sentence (P\u200a&amp;lt;\u200a0.0001) and fewer syllables per word. The mean (\u200a\u00b1\u200aSEM) reading time of UK PILs (n\u200a=\u200a59) was 12.7\u200a\u00b1\u200a0.55\u2005mins .<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Readability of antibiotic PILs is poor. Improving PIL readability may lead to improved health literacy, which may translate to increased antibiotic adherence and AMR avoidance. Authors preparing written materials for the lay\/patient CF community are encouraged to employ readability calculators, so that final materials are within recommended readability reference parameters, to support the health (antibiotic) literacy of their readers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlad129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T20:32:15Z","timestamp":1701462735000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Improving health literacy of antibiotic use in people with cystic fibrosis (CF)\u2014comparison of the readability of patient information leaflets (PILs) from the EU, USA and UK of 23 CF-related antibiotics used in the treatment of CF respiratory infections"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ka Wah Kelly","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University , Cromore Road , Coleraine BT52 1SA Northern 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