{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:53:49Z","timestamp":1793199229653,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["777362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["777362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013322","name":"European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Clostridioides difficile epidemiology is evolving with country-associated emerging and resistant ribotypes (RT). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of C. difficile isolated from clinical and animal samples collected across Europe in 2018 was performed to provide antimicrobial resistance data and according to C. difficile RTs and source.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Samples were cultured for C. difficile and isolates PCR ribotyped. Metronidazole, vancomycin, fidaxomicin, moxifloxacin, clindamycin, imipenem, tigecycline, linezolid, rifampicin and meropenem minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for 280 clinical and 126 animal isolates were determined by Wilkins\u2013Chalgren agar dilution.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fidaxomicin was the most active antimicrobial (all isolates geometric mean MIC\u200a=\u200a0.03 mg\/L) with no evidence of reduced susceptibility. Metronidazole MICs were elevated among RT027 (1.87 mg\/L) and RT181 clinical isolates (1.03 mg\/L). RT027 and RT181 had elevated geometric mean moxifloxacin MICs (14.49 mg\/L, 16.88 mg\/L); clindamycin (7.5 mg\/L, 9.1 mg\/L) and rifampicin (0.6 mg\/L, 21.5 mg\/L). Five isolates (RT002, RT010 and RT016) were metronidazole resistant (MIC\u200a=\u200a8 mg\/L) and 10 (RT027; RT198) had intermediate resistance (4 mg\/L). Metronidazole MICs were not elevated in animal isolates. Increased geometric mean vancomycin MICs were observed among RT078, mostly isolated from animals, but there was no resistance (MIC\u200a\u2265\u200a4 mg\/L). Clinical and animal isolates of multiple RTs showed resistance to moxifloxacin and clindamycin. No resistance to imipenem or meropenem was observed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Increased antimicrobial resistance was detected in eastern Europe and mostly associated with RT027 and related emerging RT181, while clinical isolates from northern and western Europe had the lowest general levels of resistance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlae112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T13:12:10Z","timestamp":1721740330000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antimicrobial susceptibility in <i>Clostridioides difficile<\/i> varies according to European region and isolate source"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jane","family":"Freeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare Associated Infections Research Group, Leeds Institute of 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