{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T12:24:32Z","timestamp":1793363072621,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MRC Impact Acceleration Award 2021 King\u2019s College London","award":["MRX502923\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRX502923\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Since the introduction of quinolone and fluoroquinolone antibiotics to treat bacterial infections in the 1960s, there has been a pronounced increase in the number of bacterial species that have developed resistance to fluoroquinolone treatment. In 2017, the World Health Organization established a priority list of the most critical Gram-negative resistant pathogens. These included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. In the last three decades, investigations into the mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance have revealed that mutations in the target enzymes of fluoroquinolones, DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV, are the most prevalent mechanism conferring high levels of resistance. Alterations to porins and efflux pumps that facilitate fluoroquinolone permeation and extrusion across the bacterial cell membrane also contribute to the development of resistance. However, there is a growing observation of novel mutants with newer generations of fluoroquinolones, highlighting the need for novel treatments. Currently, steady progress has been made in the development of novel antimicrobial agents that target DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV through different avenues than current fluoroquinolones to prevent target-mediated resistance. Therefore, an updated review of the current understanding of fluoroquinolone resistance within the literature is imperative to aid in future investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlae127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T04:01:38Z","timestamp":1721966498000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Navigating fluoroquinolone resistance in Gram-negative bacteria: a comprehensive evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Kherroubi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London , London SE1 9NH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Bacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discovery Group, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down , Salisbury SP4 0JG , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8566-8648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khondaker Miraz","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London , London SE1 9NH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024083008121210000_dlae127-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215Y.0000000030","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon","volume":"109","author":"Prestinaci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathol Global Health"},{"key":"2024083008121210000_dlae127-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000475","article-title":"Mechanisms of quinolone action and resistance: where do we 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