{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:17:03Z","timestamp":1792531023769,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021930","name":"USAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7200AA18C00074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7200AA18C00074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021930","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) beckoned nations to share surveillance data on antimicrobial consumption (AMC) and AMR while promoting access to essential antimicrobials in countries with the highest burden of AMR.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To analyse findings of the national-level AMC (years 2020\u20132022), building on our prior work (2017\u20132019), and to assess any emerging trends.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data were obtained from the Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, Tanzania Medical Stores Department, and from local manufacturers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The average defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants (DID) was 38.27\u200a\u00b1\u200a5.17. Compared to 2020, macrolides had a nearly 3-fold increase in 2021 and 2022 driven by azithromycin (4.85\u200a\u00b1\u200a2.85 DID), mainly associated with inappropriate use during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, private-sector consumption accounted for 75.73% of the total, which increased to 84.02% in 2021 and then slightly decreased to 66.82% in 2022. The Access category antimicrobials met the World Health Organization target of 60% national consumption, while the Watch category has shown a steady increase in 2021 and 2022.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The continued increase in AMC in the private sector calls for urgent antimicrobial stewardship targets, including routine reporting by the Access, Watch and Reserve categories.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaf026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T02:03:30Z","timestamp":1741140210000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["National consumption of antimicrobials in Tanzania: 2020\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Siana","family":"Mapunjo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research , 3 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. Box 9653, Dar es Salaam 11101 ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romuald","family":"Mbwasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John\u2019s University of Tanzania , Kikuyu Ave, Dodoma ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Alphonce","family":"Nkiligi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Human Medicines and Veterinary, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority , P.O. Box 1253, Dodoma ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneth","family":"Wilbroad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Services Unit, Ministry of Health, Wizara ya Afya, S.L.P 743 , Dodoma ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliana Nyafungo","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Services Unit, Ministry of Health, Wizara ya Afya, S.L.P 743 , Dodoma ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Msovela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Makambako Town Council, District Hospital , P.O. Box 405, Njombe ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talhiya","family":"Yahya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health , Cnr. Samora Avenue\/Mirambo Street, Diamond Plaza, Dar es Salaam ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Mpembeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Public Health and Social Sciences , P.O. Box 65015, Dar es Salaam ,","place":["Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Masunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Human Medicines and Veterinary, Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority , P.O. 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