{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:24:03Z","timestamp":1787009043213,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The hospital environment is a proven hotspot for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, which may be released through hospital wastewater into the environment and municipal wastewater. The aim of this study was to monitor the occurrence of and perform molecular characterization of MDR ESBL Enterobacterales isolated from Parirenyatwa Hospital wastewater, Harare, Zimbabwe.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study. Enterobacterales from sixty-four 500\u2005mL samples of hospital wastewater from three drainage sites of Parirenyatwa Hospital were isolated. A modified double disc synergy test was used to confirm ESBL Enterobacterales before genotyping with multiplex PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority of isolates came from the main hospital drainage site. All the isolated Enterobacterales showed MDR. Of the 33 Enterobacterales isolated from hospital wastewater, 8 (24%) were ESBL-producing: 5\/8 (63%) Escherichia coli, 2\/8 (25%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 1\/8 (12%) Citrobacter freundii. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) obtained from the ESBL-producing Enterobacterales isolates ranged from 0.5 to 0.75. Seven (87.5%) isolates harboured the blaCTX-M gene and five (62.5%) isolates had the blaTEM gene, with four (50%) isolates containing both genes. Three isolates contained the blaCTX-M gene only and one contained only blaTEM. The blaSHV gene was not detected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MDR ESBL-producing Enterobacterales were identified from Parirenyatwa Hospital wastewater. The MARI greater than 0.2 indicated that these isolates were from a high-risk source of contamination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaf170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T11:53:02Z","timestamp":1757505182000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales from Parirenyatwa Hospital wastewater in Harare"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0293-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takudzwa","family":"Marembo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union Commission , Roosevelt Street (Old Airport), Addis Ababa, P.O. Box 3243, Addis Ababa ,","place":["Ethiopia"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Midlands State University Faculty of Medicine , P. Bag 9055, Gweru ,","place":["Zimbabwe"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chido","family":"Chirenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe , Harare ,","place":["Zimbabwe"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100402141334100_dlaf170-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184081","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1184081","article-title":"Hospital and community wastewater as a source of multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"13","author":"Davidova-Gerzova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2025100402141334100_dlaf170-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020131","article-title":"The impact of wastewater on antimicrobial resistance: a scoping review 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