{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:28:38Z","timestamp":1788503318655,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Norwegian General Practice Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Correct use of antibiotics ensures necessary treatment for patients while antibiotic resistance is reduced. Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common in preschool children. Young children receive a large proportion of the total amount of antibiotics, and also in low-prescribing countries such as Norway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Explore the contacts, rate of antibiotic prescriptions and choice of antibiotics in the treatment of RTIs in preschool children in general practice from 2012 to 2019. Methods Descriptive registry study on complete population data of antibiotic prescriptions administered to Norwegian pre-school children with RTIs, in the period 2012 \u2013 2019, after consultations with a general practitioner<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The total prescription rate was reduced from 28% in 2012 to 19% in 2019. There were small yearly variations in prescription rates. Most antibiotics were prescribed to 1- and 2-year-olds. Upper RTI was the most used diagnosis and accounted for 25% of the total amount of antibiotics prescribed.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Total RTI episode rate was 941 episodes\/1000 children in 2012, reduced by 17% to 2019 when there were 777 episodes\/1000 children. The reduction in antibiotic prescription to children with otitis was associated with a decline in episode rate.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>More than 81% of prescribed antibiotics were penicillins, only 16% were macrolides and 3% were other antibiotics. The use of phenoxymethylpenicillin increased in the period from 50% in 2012 to 68% in 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is room for improvement in adherence to guidelines and antibiotic stewardship also in low-prescribing countries. Antibiotic prescribing is closely linked to prescription rates and health-seeking behaviours, offering valuable insights for targeted antibiotic stewardship campaigns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaf231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T12:54:59Z","timestamp":1763816099000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antibiotic prescriptions to preschool children with respiratory tract infections in primary healthcare"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Therese","family":"Renaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, The Antibiotic Centre for Primary Care, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9137-2800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Emilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, General Practice Research Unit (AFE), Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"V\u00e5rdcentralen V\u00e4rmlands Nys\u00e4ter and Centre for Clinical Research, County Council of V\u00e4rmland , V\u00e4rmlands Nys\u00e4ter, Karlstad 661 95 ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"School of Medical Science, University of \u00d6rebro , \u00d6rebro ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigurd","family":"H\u00f8ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, The Antibiotic Centre for Primary Care, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Skow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, The Antibiotic Centre for Primary Care, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guro H","family":"Fossum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, The Antibiotic Centre for Primary Care, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of General Practice, General Practice Research Unit (AFE), Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-13","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antibiotic consumption on antibiotic resistance","volume":"14","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B2","author":"Antibiotikaresistens"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B3","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9090622","article-title":"The primary care perspective on the Norwegian national strategy against antimicrobial resistance","volume":"9","author":"R\u00f8rtveit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B5","author":"Antibiotikaresistens"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B6","author":"Norwegian Directorate of Health"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B7","author":"Government of Norway"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2012.06.110310","article-title":"Antibiotic prescription in febrile children: a cohort study during out-of-hours primary care","volume":"25","author":"Elshout","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f4403","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f4403","article-title":"Improving antibiotic prescribing in acute respiratory tract infections: cluster randomised trial from Norwegian general practice (prescription peer academic detailing (Rx-PAD) study)","volume":"347","author":"Gjelstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12316","article-title":"Compliance with recommendations on outpatient antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections: the case of Spain","volume":"116","author":"Malo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.11.027","article-title":"Antibiotic use in children\u2014a cross-national analysis of 6 countries","volume":"182","author":"Youngster","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5438","article-title":"Antibiotic use in children before, during and after hospitalisation","volume":"31","author":"Thaulow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003013","article-title":"Epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive bacterial infections in children-a population-based study from Norway","volume":"40","author":"Thaulow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18358","article-title":"Early-life infections, antibiotics and later risk of childhood and early adult-onset inflammatory bowel disease: pooled analysis of two Scandinavian birth cohorts","volume":"61","author":"M\u00e5rild","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.01.005","article-title":"Antibiotic exposure and adverse long-term health outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Duong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B16","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B17","author":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016221","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016221","article-title":"Antibiotic use and bacterial complications following upper respiratory tract infections: a population-based study","volume":"7","author":"Cars","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dlac135","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlac135","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment of respiratory tract infections in adults in Norwegian general practice","volume":"5","author":"Skow","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-024-01154-0","article-title":"Cause-specific excess mortality in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020-2022: a study using nationwide population data","volume":"39","author":"Nilsson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814002908","article-title":"Antibiotic prescriptions and cycles of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in Norway: can a nationwide prescription register be used for surveillance?","volume":"143","author":"Blix","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-8-55","article-title":"Diagnostic labelling as determinant of antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract episodes in general practice","volume":"8","author":"van Duijn","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001009","article-title":"Etiology of pneumonia in a pediatric population with high pneumococcal vaccine coverage: a prospective study","volume":"35","author":"Berg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31825d2f76","article-title":"Decline in early childhood respiratory tract infections in the Norwegian mother and child cohort study after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination","volume":"31","author":"Magnus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.19.0727","article-title":"Children with otitis attending emergency primary health care units following introduction of pneumococcal vaccine","volume":"140","author":"Sandvik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17052","article-title":"Antibiotic use for airway infections in Norwegian children-A national register-based study","volume":"113","author":"Rydland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/02813432.2017.1333301","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections in Norwegian primary care out-of-hours service","volume":"35","author":"Lindberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Prim Health Care"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S362262","article-title":"Trends in antibiotic use in Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish children","volume":"14","author":"Skajaa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00512","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.512","article-title":"Antibiotic dispensing following pediatric visits in the US emergency departments and outpatient settings from 2006 to 2016","volume":"7","author":"Agiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B30","first-page":"114","article-title":"Prescribing antibiotics for respiratory tract infections by GPs: management and prescriber characteristics","volume":"55","author":"Akkerman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh480","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections in Dutch primary care in relation to patient age and clinical entities","volume":"54","author":"Akkerman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16381","article-title":"Antibiotic stewardship programmes had a low impact on prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections in children","volume":"111","author":"Korppi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e445","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp13X669167","article-title":"Reducing antibiotic prescribing for children with respiratory tract infections in primary care: a systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Vodicka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz348","article-title":"Impact of national interventions to promote responsible antibiotic use: a systematic review","volume":"75","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.23.0534","article-title":"Cost and benefit of penicillin mixture for children","volume":"143","author":"H\u00f8ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.06.008","article-title":"Penicillin V versus amoxicillin for pneumonia in children\u2014a Swedish nationwide emulated target trial","volume":"30","author":"Rhedin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B37","author":"Behandlingsrekommendationer i \u00f6ppenv\u00e5rd","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B38","author":"Antibiotikavejledning for prim\u00e6rsektoren"},{"key":"2026012903415456400_dlaf231-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmy086","article-title":"Considering formulation characteristics when prescribing and dispensing medicinal products for children: a qualitative study among GPs and pharmacists","volume":"36","author":"Bergene","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fam Pract"}],"container-title":["JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jacamr\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/dlaf231\/66302101\/dlaf231.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jacamr\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/dlaf231\/66302101\/dlaf231.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T08:42:01Z","timestamp":1769676121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jacamr\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaf231\/8417019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaf231","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-1823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-1823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"article-number":"dlaf231"}}