{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T10:56:13Z","timestamp":1781607373244,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":47,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009947","name":"Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004334","name":"Merck & Co., Inc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to global health, with Gram-negative pathogens contributing to morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. While ceftolozane\/tazobactam provides an effective treatment option against these pathogens, real-world data on healthcare resource use associated with ceftolozane\/tazobactam, especially outside the USA, remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective, multinational observational study includes 617 adult inpatients from Australia, Austria, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Spain and the UK who received \u226548\u2005hours of ceftolozane\/tazobactam. The outcomes included 30-day all-cause and infection-related readmission rates, hospital length of stay and post-ceftolozane\/tazobactam length of stay. Subgroup analyses were conducted by rank of ceftolozane\/tazobactam initiation, ICU admission and cystic fibrosis status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall 30-day all-cause readmission rate was 10.2%. The infection-related readmission rate was 4.9%. The median hospital length of stay was 42\u2005days (IQR 22\u201371), and median post-ceftolozane\/tazobactam length of stay was 6\u2005days (IQR 1\u201325). Among ICU patients (n\u200a=\u200a298), the 30-day all-cause readmission rate was 3.4% and median length of stay was 59\u2005days. In cystic fibrosis patients (n\u200a=\u200a64), the 30-day all-cause readmission rate was 10.9% and the median length of stay was 31.5\u2005days (IQR 16\u201348.5).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the largest multinational, real-world dataset on healthcare resource use associated with ceftolozane\/tazobactam outside the USA. These descriptive findings show differences in readmission rates and length of stay across rank-of-initiation groups; however, no causal relationships can be inferred from these data. The results are hypothesis-generating for future adjusted and economic analyses. Further research is warranted for economic evaluations and to optimize the timing of ceftolozane\/tazobactam initiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlag110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T11:40:54Z","timestamp":1780141254000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Healthcare resource utilization and readmission outcomes in patients treated with ceftolozane\/tazobactam: real-world insights from the multinational SPECTRA study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Emre","family":"Y\u00fccel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck & Co., Inc. , 351 North Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 1000, North Wales, PA 19454-2505 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9374-0811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednic Department of Infectious Diseases, , Carrer de Villarroel, 170, L'Eixample, Barcelona 08036 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Thalhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Universit\u00e4t Wien Department of Urology, , Spitalgasse 23, Wien 1090 ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8391-3988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Kluge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Department of Intensive Care Medicine, , Martinistra\u00dfe 52, 20251 Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1264-0008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Viale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Bologna \u2013 Via Zamboni Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, , Via Zamboni, 33, Bologna 40126 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD (UK) Limited , 2 Pancras Sq, London N1C 4AG ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brune","family":"Akrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD France , 10-12 Cr Michelet, Puteaux 92800 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck & Co., Inc. , 351 North Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 1000, North Wales, PA 19454-2505 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huina","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tan Tock Seng Hospital Department of Laboratory Medicine, , 11 Jln Tan Tock Seng, 308433 ,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunny","family":"Kaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust Department of Respiratory Medicine, , Britten St, London SW3 6PY ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B1","author":"WHO"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B2","author":"WHO"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285170","article-title":"The economic burden of antibiotic resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Poudel","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B4","volume-title":"Forecasting the Fallout from amr: Economic Impacts of Antimicrobial Resistance in Humans","author":"McDonnell","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B5","author":"Nuffield Trust"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B6","author":"NHS Confederation: Foundation Trust Network"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy280","article-title":"Ceftolozane-tazobactam for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a multicenter study","volume":"5","author":"Gallagher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03529-8","article-title":"Delay of appropriate antibiotic treatment is associated with high mortality in patients with community-onset sepsis in a Swedish setting","volume":"38","author":"Andersson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2018.11.009","article-title":"Impact of delayed appropriate antibiotic therapy on patient outcomes by antibiotic resistance status from serious Gram-negative bacterial infections","volume":"357","author":"Bonine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03883-0","article-title":"Time-to-antibiotics and clinical outcomes in patients with sepsis and septic shock: a prospective nationwide multicenter cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Im","year":"2022","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050626","article-title":"The comparative effectiveness of ceftolozane\/tazobactam versus aminoglycoside- or polymyxin-based regimens in multi-drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections","volume":"11","author":"Caffrey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-022-00687-9","article-title":"Impact of ceftolozane-tazobactam vs. best alternative therapy on clinical outcomes in patients with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"11","author":"Holger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5452683","article-title":"Characteristics, outcomes, and cost patterns of high-cost patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"2018","author":"Reardon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Pract"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2012.12.003","article-title":"Understanding the costs of care for cystic fibrosis: an analysis by age and health state","volume":"16","author":"Van Gool","year":"2013","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlad143.018","article-title":"P14 study of prescribing patterns and effectiveness of ceftolozane\/tazobactam real-world analysis (SPECTRA): results from a multinational, multicentre observational study","volume":"6","author":"Soriano","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2025.116737","article-title":"A real-world investigation into prescribing patterns and effectiveness of ceftolozane\/tazobactam among critically ill patients from SPECTRA","volume":"111","author":"Soriano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.06.015","article-title":"Real-world analysis of ceftolozane\/tazobactam prescribing patterns and effectiveness: SPECTRA analysis on chronic pulmonary diseases and respiratory-related infections","volume":"44","author":"Yucel","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1082","article-title":"Guidelines for good pharmacoepidemiology practices (GPP)","volume":"14","author":"Epstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"81","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Dent"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10076","article-title":"Antimicrobial use and mortality among intensive care unit patients with bloodstream infections: implications for stewardship programs","volume":"8","author":"Ababneh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000001856","article-title":"ICU admission, discharge, and triage guidelines: a framework to enhance clinical operations, development of institutional policies, and further research","volume":"44","author":"Nates","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03857-2","article-title":"Patient discharge from intensive care: an updated scoping review to identify tools and practices to inform high-quality care","volume":"25","author":"Plotnikoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2022.10.001","article-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship in the intensive care unit","volume":"3","author":"Ture","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intensive Med"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020217","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in patients with cystic fibrosis: past, present, and future","volume":"12","author":"Perikleous","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics)"},{"key":"2026061606322719400_dlag110-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlac066","article-title":"Antibiotic stewardship in the era of precision medicine","volume":"4","author":"Watkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist"}],"container-title":["JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jacamr\/article-pdf\/8\/3\/dlag110\/68533480\/dlag110.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jacamr\/article-pdf\/8\/3\/dlag110\/68533480\/dlag110.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T10:33:54Z","timestamp":1781606034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jacamr\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jacamr\/dlag110\/8708783"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jacamr\/dlag110","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-1823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-1823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"article-number":"dlag110"}}