{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:20:07Z","timestamp":1784035207347,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we evaluated temporal changes in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a multicentre, retrospective surveillance study that included clinically significant isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria collected across Mexico between January 2019 and December 2024. Differences in antibiotic resistance among clinical specimen types and across pre-pandemic, pandemic and post-pandemic periods were assessed using Fisher\u2019s exact test and linear regression, as appropriate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 156\u200a193 isolates were analysed. Among Enterobacterales, extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli increased from the pre-pandemic to post-pandemic period (46.5%\u201348.9%, P for trend\u200a=\u200a0.005). Also, resistance to ertapenem (2.0% to 3.2%) and meropenem (1.2% to 2.7%) increased significantly (both P for trend\u200a&amp;lt;\u200a0.001). In contrast, the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex exhibited a significant post-pandemic decline in resistance to FEP, decreasing from 82.2% in the pre-pandemic period to 48.5% post-pandemic. Similar downward trends were observed for MEM (82.5%\u201365.1%) and IPM (77.2%\u201363.9%) (P for trend\u200a&amp;lt;\u200a0.001). For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ceftazidime resistance increased during the pandemic period (18.8%\u201324.4%) and declined in the post-pandemic period (20.0%). Among Gram-positive organisms, vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium increased in the post-pandemic period (29.1%\u201343.1%, P\u200a&amp;lt;\u200a0.001), and in urine isolates, a significant increase in AMP resistance was observed (76.1% in the pre-pandemic to 83.9% in the pandemic to 86.1% in the post-pandemic (P for trend\u200a=\u200a0.029). For S. aureus, oxacillin resistance increased from 13.9% (pre-pandemic) to 19.0% (pandemic) but declined thereafter (16.5%, P\u200a&amp;lt;\u200a0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic was a major driver of AMR dynamics in Mexico, and its impact persists. While resistance rates declined for A. baumannii, rising ESBL prevalence and increasing fluoroquinolone resistance highlight persistent and emerging threats. Sustained surveillance and strengthened antimicrobial stewardship are essential to mitigate long-term post-pandemic AMR consequences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlag129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:02:00Z","timestamp":1784034120000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shift of antibiotic resistance after the COVID-19 pandemic: results from the INVIFAR Network"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Elvira","family":"Garza-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n , Monterrey, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Rojas-Larios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Colima, Hospital Regional Universitario IMSS Bienestar Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Rosario","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Larios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Servicio de Infectologia y Microbiologia Cl\u00ednica, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Feliciano-Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Hospital de Especialidades Pedi\u00e1tricas IMSS-Bienestar , Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian Daniel","family":"Mireles-Davalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas Laboratorio de Microbiologia Clinica,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo Alfonso","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n Departamento de Infectolog\u00eda, Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, , Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Gomez-Quiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Hospital Civil Fray Antonio Alcalde , Guadalajara, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus Alfonso","family":"Aguirre-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Hospital del Ni\u00f1o Morelense"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Mena-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General de Zona N. 21 IMSS Tepatitl\u00e1n de Morelos, Centro Universitario de los Altos (CUALTOS) Universidad de Guadalajara Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda, , Tepatitl\u00e1n de Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s Rogelio Eric","family":"Barlandas-Rend\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Farmac\u00e9utica,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4433-6556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogelio de J","family":"Trevi\u00f1o-Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena Victoria","family":"Choy-Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General De Zona No.1 IMSS Nueva Frontera Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Jaime-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Estatal de Salud P\u00fablica Laboratorio de Bacteriolog\u00eda, , Morelia, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Bolado-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Karina","family":"Avil\u00e9s-Ben\u00edtez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Infantil de Morelia, Morelia, Mexico Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Antonio","family":"Couoh-May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General Dr. Agustin O'Horan, Merida, Mexico laboratorio de Microbiologia,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, San Bartolo Coyotepec, Mexico Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juana","family":"Hernandez-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorios Cl\u00ednicos de Referencia MICROTEC. 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