{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:20:23Z","timestamp":1784035223286,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u00b4s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program","award":["862829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["862829"]}]},{"name":"AVANT-Alternatives to Veterinary ANTimicrobials"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health threat, with antimicrobial use recognized as a key driver. The post-weaning period is one of the most antimicrobial-intensive phases in pig production. This study assessed the impact on production costs of feed-based and immunomodulatory interventions designed to reduce antimicrobial use in European pig production.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the EU-funded AVANT project, we evaluated feed-based strategies (alfalfa diets and high-fibre\/low-protein \u2018secure\u2019 feed) and immunomodulatory interventions (faecal filtrate transplantation and vaccination against Shiga-producing Escherichia coli). Using data from field trials and observational studies conducted in Denmark, the Netherlands and France, we estimated the additional production costs per kilogram of pigmeat associated with each intervention. Cost and production parameters were derived from InterPIG and EU datasets (2019\u20132023) and adjusted under alternative mortality scenarios (6%\u201324%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Feed-based interventions for piglets accounted for a small share of total feed costs and increased production costs by &amp;lt;0.2% at EU level. Vaccination against Shiga-producing E. coli increased production costs by &amp;lt;1%. By contrast, faecal filtrate transplantation resulted in substantially higher costs under trial conditions, increasing production costs by 9%\u201311% depending on mortality assumptions. None of the interventions negatively affected pig performance metrics in the trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Feed-based strategies and vaccination represent accessible and affordable options to reduce antimicrobial use in pig production in Europe. More innovative approaches such as faecal filtrate transplantation remain costly under experimental conditions but may become economically viable through regulatory approval, market development and economies of scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlag131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:00:33Z","timestamp":1784034033000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact in production costs resulting from the adoption of interventions to reduce antimicrobials in pig production in Europe: findings from EU-project AVANT"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8747-2443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"S. Afonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme Department of Livestock and One Health, , University of Liverpool, Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal M","family":"Morel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KPM Center for Public Management, University of Bern , Schanzeneckstrasse 1, Bern 3012 ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"University Hospital Bonn, Institute for Hygiene and Public Health , Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, Bonn 53127 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anouschka","family":"Middelkoop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schothorst Feed Research B.V. , NA 8218, Lelystad ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joas","family":"Priem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schothorst Feed Research B.V. , NA 8218, Lelystad ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesc","family":"Molist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schothorst Feed Research B.V. , NA 8218, Lelystad ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Gloaguen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperl Innovation SAS , 1 Rue de la Gare, Plestan 22640 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Buchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperl Innovation SAS , 1 Rue de la Gare, Plestan 22640 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunner","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEGES Innovation P\/S , Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally V","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEGES Innovation P\/S , Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens P","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C 1870 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2389-5084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Guardabassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C 1870 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rushton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme Department of Livestock and One Health, , University of Liverpool, Liverpool ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071409002782600_dlag131-B1","volume-title":"Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026071409002782600_dlag131-B2","volume-title":"Drug-resistant Infections: A Threat to our Economic 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