{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T06:37:39Z","timestamp":1766558259603,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, poses a major threat to both wild and aquaculture salmonid populations. Traditional detection methods typically involve lethal sampling to collect kidney tissues but are often impractical for species of conservation concern. This study evaluates nonlethal sampling techniques for detecting R. salmoninarum in Greenback Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias by comparing mucus, blood, and ovarian fluid samples to conventional kidney tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the 2019 spawning season, we collected samples from 781 adult fish and tested for R. salmoninarum via direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 25 and 256 kidney tissues were positive by DFAT and qPCR, respectively. Of the three nonlethal samples tested, mucus swabs showed the highest percent correlation for detection with positive kidney tissues (DFAT = 47.6%, qPCR = 41.7%). Blood and ovarian fluid samples showed a lower percent correlation with positive kidney tissues (blood: DFAT = 12.0%, qPCR = 1.2%; ovarian fluid: DFAT\u00a0= 12.5%, qPCR = 21.4%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that nonlethal mucus swabbing could serve as a practical alternative for monitoring R. salmoninarum, especially in conservation efforts where minimizing fish mortality is critical.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jahafs\/vsaf013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T14:46:33Z","timestamp":1757429193000},"page":"192-198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nonlethal detection of\n                    <i>Renibacterium salmoninarum<\/i>\n                    in Greenback Cutthroat Trout\n                    <i>Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias<\/i>\n                    comparing mucus, blood, and ovarian fluid samples to kidney tissues"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0022-3568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tawni B R","family":"Firestone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Research Section, Colorado Parks and Wildlife , Fort Collins, Colorado ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4792-7148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric R","family":"Fetherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Research Section, Colorado Parks and Wildlife , Fort Collins, Colorado ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5247-0114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana L","family":"Winkelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit , Fort Collins, Colorado ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122400570755200_vsaf013-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.2.485-493.2001","article-title":"Purification and characterization of PCR-inhibitory components in blood cells","volume":"39","author":"Abu Al-Soud","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"2025122400570755200_vsaf013-B2","volume-title":"FHS Blue Book: Suggested procedures for the detection and identification of certain finfish and shellfish pathogens","author":"American Fisheries Society\u2013Fish Health Section","year":"2016","edition":"2020 ed."},{"key":"2025122400570755200_vsaf013-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.1985.tb00965.x","article-title":"Epizootiology of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the 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