{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:18:41Z","timestamp":1787818721225,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019329","name":"National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB), Hyderabad, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of India, under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana"},{"name":"National Surveillance Programme for Aquatic Animal Diseases, Phase I and Phase II"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to identify and describe Citrobacter freundii, which was associated with a disease outbreak in Singhi (also known as\u00a0Stinging Catfish) Heteropneustes fossilis that are cultured under intensive freshwater farming conditions in Tripura, India, and to evaluate its pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance profile.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A bacterial isolate (COF_AHE25; GenBank accession no. ON798627) was recovered from diseased fish that were exhibiting white patches, skin ulcers, hemorrhages, fin rot, and mortality. The isolate was identified using phenotypic and biochemical evaluation, followed by molecular confirmation based on 16S ribosomal\u00a0RNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Pathogenicity was assessed through experimental infection trials, \u00addaily monitoring of cumulative mortality, and estimation of the median lethal dose for the species. Host responses were evaluated through hematological, biochemical, and immunological analyses. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion method in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental infection confirmed the virulence of the isolate, with infected Singhi developing clinical signs that were comparable to those observed during the natural outbreak. Mortality commenced at 4 d postinfection and progressed in a dose-dependent manner. Significant alterations in hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters were observed, consistent with systemic bacterial septicemia. The median lethal dose\u00a0of C. freundii strain COF_AHE25 was estimated at 2.5 \u00d7 107 CFU\/fish. The isolate exhibited multidrug resistance, including resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin as well as to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics (penicillin, oxacillin, and cefoxitin) and vancomycin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings establish C. freundii as a pathogenic bacterium capable of causing significant disease and mortality in intensively farmed Singhi. The detection of resistance to antimicrobials commonly used in freshwater aquaculture highlights the need for strengthened disease surveillance, responsible antimicrobial stewardship, and improved health management practices in intensive fish farming systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jahafs\/vsag006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T17:25:36Z","timestamp":1783617936000},"page":"154-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Discovery of\n                    <i>Citrobacter freundii<\/i>\n                    as a disease-causing agent in Singhi\n                    <i>Heteropneustes fossilis<\/i>\n                    : A\u00a0first report"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Lija","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Health and Environment, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal) , Lembucherra, Tripura ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Laltlanmawia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Health and Environment, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal) , Lembucherra, Tripura ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2560-2924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Himadri","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Health and Environment, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal) , Lembucherra, Tripura ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082703470041500_vsag006-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5455\/ijmsph.2013.090920131","article-title":"A study of regenerative ability of liver after repetitive heat stress induced liver injury","volume":"3","author":"Agrawal","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health"},{"key":"2026082703470041500_vsag006-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2017.03.009","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects, molecular responses and oxidative stress biomarkers in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to verapamil","volume":"196","author":"Ajima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology"},{"key":"2026082703470041500_vsag006-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25228","article-title":"Swinging between the beneficial and harmful microbial community in biofloc technology: A paradox","volume":"10","author":"Akange","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026082703470041500_vsag006-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1515\/REVEH.2009.24.2.147","article-title":"Phenotypic characterization of human pathogenic bacteria in fish from the coastal waters of south west Cameroon: Public health implications","volume":"24","author":"Akoachere","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reviews on Environmental Health"},{"key":"2026082703470041500_vsag006-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.9790\/2380-07612124","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila in Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and its control trial","volume":"7","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science"},{"key":"2026082703470041500_vsag006-B6","volume-title":"Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater","author":"American Public Health Association","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026082703470041500_vsag006-B7","volume-title":"Bacterial fish pathology. 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