{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:18:42Z","timestamp":1787818722005,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022283","name":"Current Research Information System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6010-10600-002-000D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6010-10600-002-000D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022283","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recently, we demonstrated the efficacy of oral bacterin virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (vAh) vaccines (S14-452 and ML09-119) in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus, but gaps in knowledge exist with respect to protective immunity induced by vAh bacterins. Specific antibodies were proposed as a potential mechanism of protection; thus, the aim of the study was to assess whether passive immunization with anti-vAh whole serum provides protection upon vAh challenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The protective role of anti-vAh whole serum was determined by passive immunization of Channel Catfish, followed by vAh challenge. Antiserum was generated by active immunization of Channel Catfish with three inactivated vAh strains (ALG-15-097, S14-452, and ML09-119). Thereafter, antibody presence was confirmed and quantified via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Three replicated passive immunization experiments were completed using 15-g Channel Catfish with various treatment groups, including control sera, heat-inactivated control sera, anti-vAh sera, heat-inactivated anti-vAh sera, and fetal bovine serum. A western blot analysis was conducted postchallenge to determine whether antibodies generated against one isolate of vAh cross-reacted with antigens of other vAh isolates and a typical A. hydrophila strain, thus providing insights into the cross-protective nature of the vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All fish immunized with anti-vAh serum or heat-inactivated anti-vAh serum demonstrated 100% protection and cross-protection upon vAh challenge. Fish that were passively immunized with control serum, heat-inactivated control serum, or fetal bovine serum exhibited 30\u201350% survival depending on the experiment. The antiserum exhibited antibodies that cross-reacted with some proteins and the lipopolysaccharide of the homologous and heterologous isolates, including a typical A. hydrophila isolate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Passive immunization with anti-vAh sera provided 100% protection in all trials, demonstrating strong and consistent efficacy even at reduced antibody levels. Despite variability caused by heat inactivation, complete protection was maintained, highlighting the potency of the antiserum. Survival outcomes and western blot cross-reactivity further supported the protective and cross-protective capability of whole serum against diverse vAh strains. Collectively, these findings indicate that vAh-derived antibodies are key mediators of protection. Our findings point to mechanisms of immunity against vAh and guide vaccine development, ultimately preventing large-scale mortalities caused by vAh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jahafs\/vsag009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T18:34:22Z","timestamp":1783708462000},"page":"169-180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Passive immunization with anti-virulent\n                    <i>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/i>\n                    whole serum protects Channel Catfish against motile\n                    <i>Aeromonas<\/i>\n                    septicemia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Allison L","family":"Wise","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture\u2013Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit , Auburn, Alabama ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine , Auburn, Alabama ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin H","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture\u2013Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit , Auburn, Alabama ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy J","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture\u2013Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit , Auburn, Alabama ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin R","family":"LaFrentz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture\u2013Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit , Auburn, Alabama ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla C","family":"Barger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine , Auburn, Alabama ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig\u00a0A","family":"Shoemaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture\u2013Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit , Auburn, Alabama ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01641","article-title":"Recombinant ATPase of virulent Aeromonas hydrophila protects Channel Catfish against motile Aeromonas septicemia","volume":"10","author":"Abdelhamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01519","article-title":"Characterization of histopathological and ultrastructural changes in Channel Catfish experimentally infected with virulent Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"8","author":"Abdelhamed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.739206","article-title":"Epidemiology and economic impact of disease-related losses on commercial catfish farms: A seven-year case study from Alabama, USA","volume":"566","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2008.07.045","article-title":"Heat inactivation can differentiate between IgG and IgM antibodies in the pretransplant cross match","volume":"40","author":"Al-Muzairai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplantation Proceedings"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1991.tb02976.x","article-title":"Distribution of Aeromonas species in waters with different levels of pollution","volume":"71","author":"Araujo","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Journal of Applied Bacteriology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B6","author":"Barger","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717708584","article-title":"Lesions caused by virulent Aeromonas hydrophila in farmed catfish (Ictalurus punctatus and I. punctatus \u00d7 I. furcatus) in Mississippi","volume":"29","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.11.001","article-title":"Farm size, seining practices, and salt use: Risk factors for Aeromonas hydrophila outbreaks in farm-raised catfish, Alabama, USA","volume":"118","author":"Bebak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e291","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2017-0209","article-title":"Impact of heat-inactivation on anti-\ufeffToxoplasma IgM antibody levels","volume":"55","author":"Brenier-Pinchart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1113","article-title":"The complement system in regulation of adaptive immunity","volume":"5","author":"Carroll","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Immunology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4060\/cd0683en","volume-title":"The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2024: Blue transformation in action","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B12","author":"Garlock","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2024.105276","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity gene expression profiles induced by virulent Aeromonas hydrophila infection in the immune-related organs of Channel Catfish","volume":"162","author":"Gomaa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Developmental and Comparative Immunology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2015.05.027","article-title":"Heat differentiated complement factor profiling","volume":"126","author":"Hamsten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Proteomics"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B15","volume-title":"FHS blue book: Suggested procedures for the detection and identification of certain finfish and shellfish pathogens","author":"Hanson","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2016.04.007","article-title":"Passive immunisation, an old idea revisited: Basic principles and application to modern animal production systems","volume":"174","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12917","article-title":"Cost of regulations on US catfish farms","volume":"54","author":"Hegde","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the World Aquaculture Society"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B18","article-title":"An update on Aeromonas hydrophila from a fish health specialist for summer","volume":"24","author":"Hemstreet","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Catfish Journal"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23411","article-title":"Heat inactivation of serum interferes with the immunoanalysis of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"34","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B20","volume-title":"Immunobiology: The immune system in health and disease","author":"Janeway","year":"2001","edition":"5th ed."},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2015.06.002","article-title":"Complement regulatory protein genes in Channel Catfish and their involvement in disease defense response","volume":"53","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Developmental and Comparative Immunology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(90)90021-J","article-title":"Effect of size and temperature on the quantity of immunoglobulin in Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus","volume":"24","author":"Klesius","year":"1990","journal-title":"Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/13657305.2024.2319083","article-title":"Economic impact of Edwardsiellosis on the U.S. catfish industry","volume":"28","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture Economics & Management"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/naaq.10143","article-title":"Medicated-feed intervention in catfish farming: An economic perspective","volume":"82","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"North American Journal of Aquaculture"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.13091","article-title":"Economic contribution of U.S. aquaculture farms","volume":"55","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of the World Aquaculture Society"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74739-0","article-title":"Detectability of cytokine and chemokine using ELISA, following sample-inactivation using Triton X-100 or heat","volume":"14","author":"Labossiere","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0","article-title":"Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4","volume":"227","author":"Laemmli","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/aah.10207","article-title":"Flavobacterium covae is the predominant species of columnaris-causing bacteria impacting the Channel Catfish industry in the southeastern United States","volume":"36","author":"LaFrentz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2003.00468.x","article-title":"Passive immunization of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), against Flavobacterium psychrophilum , the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease and Rainbow Trout fry syndrome","volume":"26","author":"LaFrentz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Diseases"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.02.025","article-title":"Passive transfer of serum from tilapia vaccinated with a Vibrio vulnificus vaccine provides protection from specific pathogen challenge","volume":"442","author":"LaFrentz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.589080","article-title":"Potential false-positive and false-negative results for COVID-19 IgG\/IgM antibody testing after heat-inactivation","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology5040045","article-title":"Fish immunoglobulins","volume":"5","author":"Mashoof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-022-00884-w","article-title":"A review on the recent advances and application of vaccines against fish pathogens in aquaculture","volume":"30","author":"Mondal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture International"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2012007500142","article-title":"Recombinant vaccines and the development of new vaccine strategies","volume":"45","author":"Nascimento","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B35","author":"National Agricultural Statistics Service","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2010.11.015","article-title":"Specific serum antibody responses in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) provide limited protection against Streptococcus ictaluri challenge","volume":"144","author":"Pasnik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.09.019","article-title":"Mechanisms of pathogen virulence and host susceptibility in virulent Aeromonas hydrophila infections of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)","volume":"482","author":"Peatman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2011.03.007","article-title":"Advances in fish vaccine delivery.","volume":"35","author":"Plant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental & Comparative Immunology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B39","author":"Posit Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700154","article-title":"Passive immunization of farmed fish","volume":"198","author":"Rajan","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01615","article-title":"Classification of a hypervirulent Aeromonas hydrophila pathotype responsible for epidemic outbreaks in warm-water fishes","volume":"7","author":"Rasmussen-Ivey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B42","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B43","author":"Roy","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1330368","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis and immune gene expression of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed diets with inclusion of frass from black soldier fly larvae","volume":"14","author":"Sankappa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2002.00327.x","article-title":"Passive immunization of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), with anti-\ufeffStreptococcus iniae whole sera","volume":"25","author":"Shelby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Diseases"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3354\/dao01828","article-title":"Passive immunization of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus with anti-\ufeffFlavobacterium columnare sera","volume":"77","author":"Shelby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.08.040","article-title":"Immersion vaccination with an inactivated virulent Aeromonas hydrophila bacterin protects hybrid catfish (Ictalurus punctatus \u00d7 Ictalurus furcatus) from motile Aeromonas septicemia","volume":"82","author":"Shoemaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12070732","article-title":"Transforming aquaculture through vaccination: A review on recent developments and milestones","volume":"12","author":"Tammas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B49","author":"Tasnim Raya","year":"2025,  11"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00755-13","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of a Channel Catfish epidemic isolate, Aeromonas hydrophila strain ML09-119","volume":"1","author":"Tekedar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Announcements"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2025.743066","article-title":"Efficacy of orally-delivered virulent Aeromonas hydrophila bacterin vaccines in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)","volume":"611","author":"Wise","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113240","article-title":"A review of bacterial co-infections in farmed catfish: Components, diagnostics, and treatment directions","volume":"11","author":"Wise","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/08997659.2015.1032440","article-title":"Oral vaccination of Channel Catfish against enteric septicemia of catfish using a live attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri isolate","volume":"27","author":"Wise","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.11.033","article-title":"Analysis of agglutinants elicited by antiserum of Channel Catfish immunized with extracellular proteins of virulent Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology"},{"key":"2026082703470207000_vsag009-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734898","article-title":"The severity of motile Aeromonas septicemia caused by virulent Aeromonas hydrophila in Channel Catfish is influenced by nutrients and microbes in water","volume":"519","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"}],"container-title":["Journal of Aquatic Animal Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaah\/article-pdf\/38\/3\/169\/68756104\/vsag009.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaah\/article-pdf\/38\/3\/169\/68756104\/vsag009.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T07:47:09Z","timestamp":1787816829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaah\/article\/38\/3\/169\/8732110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jahafs\/vsag009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-7659","1548-8667"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-7659","type":"print"},{"value":"1548-8667","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]}}}