{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T19:00:41Z","timestamp":1783796441092,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While it is presumed that immunosuppressed patients, such as solid organ transplant recipients on immunosuppression, are at greater risk from SARS-CoV-2 infection than the general population, the antibody response to infection in this patient population has not been studied.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this report, we follow the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in patients with COVID-19 who are undergoing exogenous immunosuppression. Specifically, we studied the antibody response of 3 solid organ transplant recipient patients, 3 patients who take daily inhaled fluticasone, and a patient on etanercept and daily inhaled fluticasone, and compared them to 5 patients not on exogenous immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found that the solid organ transplant patients on full immunosuppression are at risk of having a delayed antibody response and poor outcome. We did not find evidence that inhaled steroids or etanercept predispose patients to delayed immune response to SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The data presented here suggest that solid organ transplant recipients may be good candidates for early targeted intervention against SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfaa232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T12:12:23Z","timestamp":1608552743000},"page":"486-490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Serologic Immune Response in Exogenously Immunosuppressed Patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Megan L","family":"Zilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Keetch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gretchen","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery","family":"McBreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R","family":"Shurin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh\u2002, Pittsburgh\u2002, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7851-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh\u2002, Pittsburgh\u2002, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021030606042288700_jfaa232-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15929","article-title":"COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients: A single-center case series from Spain","volume":"20","author":"Fernandez-Ruiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"2021030606042288700_jfaa232-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15941","article-title":"COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients: Initial report from the US epicenter","volume":"20","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"2021030606042288700_jfaa232-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ciaa344","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa344","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"71","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021030606042288700_jfaa232-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00461","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00461-20","article-title":"Evaluation of nucleocapsid and spike protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021030606042288700_jfaa232-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa310","article-title":"Profiling early humoral response to diagnose novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19)","volume":"71","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021030606042288700_jfaa232-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200841","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific antibody responses in coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"26","author":"Okba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021030606042288700_jfaa232-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2020.08.008","article-title":"Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 prototype serologic test in hospitalized patients","volume":"86","author":"Wheeler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2021030606042288700_jfaa232-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4783","article-title":"Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent 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