{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:10:53Z","timestamp":1779084653886,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]],"date-time":"2021-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients infected with virulent pathogens require the sophisticated diagnostic capabilities of a core laboratory for optimal care. This is especially true in outbreaks that strain healthcare system capacity. However, samples from such patients pose an infection risk for laboratory workers. We evaluated a strategy for mitigating this risk by preincubating specimens with 2-[4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenoxy]ethanol, a non-ionic detergent commonly calledTriton X-100.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lithium-heparinized plasma was mixed with the detergent Triton X-100 at 1%. Inactivation of Ebola virus (EBOV), yellow fever virus (YFV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was assessed using a virus-outgrowth assay. The impact of 1% Triton X-100 dilution on the components of a complete metabolic panel (CMP) was assessed on a Roche Cobas analyzer with 15 specimens that spanned a large portion of the analytical measurement range.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Incubation with 1% Triton X-100 for 5\u2009min was sufficient to completely inactivate EBOV and YFV spiked into plasma but did not completely inactivate CHIKV infectivity even after 60\u2009min of incubation. This was true only for CHIKV when spiked into plasma; CHIKV was completely inactivated in cell culture medium. A bias of \u22120.78\u2009mmol\/L (95% CI, \u22122.41 to 0.85) was observed for CO2 and 5.79 U\/L (95% CI, \u22120.05 to 11.63) was observed for aspartate aminotransferase after addition of Triton X-100. No other components of the CMP were affected by the addition of Triton X-100.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Detergent-based inactivation of plasma specimens may be a viable approach to mitigating the risk that certain blood-borne pathogens pose to laboratory workers in an outbreak setting. However, the effectiveness of this method for inactivation may depend on the specimen type and pathogen in question.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfab006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T12:36:19Z","timestamp":1614602179000},"page":"1123-1132","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Inactivation of Blood-Borne Enveloped Viruses with the Nonionic Detergent 2-[4-(2,4,4-Trimethylpentan-2-yl)Phenoxy]Ethanol Does Not Bias Clinical Chemistry Results"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Adam L","family":"Bailey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Farnsworth*","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B1","first-page":"e01608","article-title":"US high-level isolation unit clinical laboratory capabilities update","volume":"56","author":"Herstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1309\/LMTULFM62W3RKMYI","article-title":"An integrated approach to laboratory testing for patients with Ebola virus disease","volume":"45","author":"Iwen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Med"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1603.091485","article-title":"Preparing a community hospital to manage work-related exposures to infectious agents in biosafety level 3 and 4 laboratories","volume":"16","author":"Risi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.15041","article-title":"Is the United States prepared for Ebola?","volume":"312","author":"Gostin","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.265850","article-title":"Are we there yet? Laboratory preparedness for emerging infectious diseases","volume":"63","author":"Burnham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa128","article-title":"Evaluation of the risk of laboratory microbial contamination during routine testing in automated clinical chemistry and microbiology laboratories","volume":"66","author":"Farnsworth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00225-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00225-18","article-title":"Frequency of instrument, environment, and laboratory technologist contamination during routine diagnostic testing of infectious specimens","volume":"56","author":"Yarbrough","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.255349","article-title":"Bloodborne viral pathogen contamination in the era of laboratory automation","volume":"62","author":"Bryan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B9"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B10","author":"Vainio","year":"1998"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708057105","article-title":"Generation of biologically contained Ebola viruses","volume":"105","author":"Halfmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12456","article-title":"Pathogen reduction of whole blood: utility and feasibility","volume":"27","author":"Allain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfusion Med"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix401","article-title":"Ebola virus inactivation by detergents is annulled in serum","volume":"216","author":"van Kampen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2015-0119","article-title":"Diagnostic performances of clinical laboratory tests using Triton X-100 to reduce the biohazard associated with routine testing of Ebola virus-infected patients","volume":"53","author":"Tempestilli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.10.016","article-title":"Effective chemical virus inactivation of patient serum compatible with accurate serodiagnosis of infections","volume":"25","author":"Remy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.11.009","article-title":"Evaluation of the inactivation effect of Triton X-100 on Ebola virus infectivity","volume":"86","author":"Colavita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Virol off Publ Pan Am Soc Clin Virol"},{"key":"2021090112222450200_jfab006-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2017.09.020","article-title":"The effect of a non-denaturing detergent and a guanidinium-based inactivation agent on the viability of Ebola virus in mock clinical serum samples","volume":"250","author":"Burton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jalm\/article-pdf\/6\/5\/1123\/40199835\/jfab006.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jalm\/article-pdf\/6\/5\/1123\/40199835\/jfab006.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T12:23:10Z","timestamp":1630498990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jalm\/article\/6\/5\/1123\/6276510"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jalm\/jfab006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2576-9456","2475-7241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2576-9456","type":"print"},{"value":"2475-7241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]]}}}