{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T21:17:12Z","timestamp":1773955032413,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are autoimmune liver diseases associated with distinct autoantibodies. Diagnosis is based upon clinical, serological, and histopathology findings. The role of autoantibodies in the diagnosis of these autoimmune liver diseases, with the focus on PBC and AIH, will be discussed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>When AIH or PBC is suspected, testing for multiple autoantibodies can be requested. In this mini-review, the different ways in which autoantibodies can be tested (indirect immunofluorescence and antigen-specific tests) in the context of PBC and AIH are discussed, as well as the pitfalls in interpreting the test results.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>For appropriate interpretation of test results, an important prerequisite is that the doctor knows which test is used in the laboratory of choice and that the laboratory specialist is aware of what the doctor wants to test for. Good communication between clinician and laboratory specialist can, therefore, aid in the diagnosis of autoimmune liver diseases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfab099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T11:18:01Z","timestamp":1629199081000},"page":"259-267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Role of Autoantibodies in the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Liver Disease: Lessons Learned from Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Joyce J B C","family":"van Beers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ger H","family":"Koek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4007-6985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan G M C","family":"Damoiseaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.03.022","article-title":"EASL clinical practice guidelines: The diagnosis and management of patients with primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"67","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2147\/HMER.S135337","article-title":"Biomarkers for primary biliary cholangitis: current perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Kouroumalis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepat Med"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102328","article-title":"The challenges of primary biliary cholangitis: What is new and what needs to be done","volume":"105","author":"Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1586\/erm.11.82","article-title":"Antinuclear antibodies as ancillary markers in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"12","author":"Granito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03172.x","article-title":"Antinuclear antibodies giving the \u2018multiple nuclear dots\u2019 or the \u2018rim-like\/membranous\u2019 patterns: Diagnostic accuracy for primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"24","author":"Granito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.041","article-title":"The diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"13","author":"Bowlus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.04.009","article-title":"EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of cholestatic liver diseases","volume":"51","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31065","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis in adults and children: 2019 practice guidance and guidelines from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"72","author":"Mack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.08.001","article-title":"Clinical significance of autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"46","author":"Liberal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B10","first-page":"312817","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis as a unique form of an autoimmune liver disease: Immunological aspects and clinical overview","volume":"2012","author":"Fallatah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2011.10.004","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"25","author":"Lohse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22322","article-title":"Simplified criteria for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"48","author":"Hennes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318154af74","article-title":"Serologic markers compared with liver biopsy for monitoring disease activity in autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"42","author":"L\u00fcth","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7116","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007116","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis in the United Kingdom","volume":"96","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00609","article-title":"Autoantibodies in autoimmune liver disease-clinical and diagnostic relevance","volume":"9","author":"Sebode","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2017.12.002","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis: a review and update","volume":"1","author":"Tabibian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver Res"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.3781","article-title":"Autoantibodies in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"14","author":"Hov","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1996.tb00700.x","article-title":"Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in autoimmune liver and inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"16","author":"Claise","year":"1996","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102618","article-title":"2020 International Consensus on ANCA testing beyond systemic vasculitis","volume":"19","author":"Moiseev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B20","first-page":"477","article-title":"The indications for liver biopsy","volume":"109","author":"Tannapfel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2017.10.006","article-title":"Serology in autoimmune hepatitis: a clinical-practice approach","volume":"48","author":"Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2017.05.003","article-title":"Multiplex autoantibody detection for autoimmune liver diseases and autoimmune gastritis","volume":"448","author":"Vanderlocht","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.08.002","article-title":"Liver autoimmune serology: A consensus statement from the committee for autoimmune serology of the international autoimmune hepatitis group","volume":"41","author":"Vergani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214436","article-title":"Clinical relevance of HEp-2 indirect immunofluorescent patterns: The International Consensus on ANA patterns (ICAP) perspective","volume":"78","author":"Damoiseaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s13317-018-0108-y","article-title":"Performance analysis of automated evaluation of antinuclear antibody indirect immunofluorescent tests in a routine setting","volume":"9","author":"van Beers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Auto Immun Highlights"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-04950-7","article-title":"Investigation and analysis of HEp 2 indirect immunofluorescence titers and patterns in various liver diseases","volume":"39","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01719.x","article-title":"Anti-multiple nuclear dots (anti-MND) and anti-sp100 antibodies in hepatic and rheumatological disorders","volume":"127","author":"Muratori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930701619896","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of four different immunological methods for the detection of anti-F-actin autoantibodies in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis and other liver-related disorders","volume":"41","author":"Villalta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00830.x","article-title":"Evaluation of F-actin ELISA for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"101","author":"Frenzel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2147\/PLMI.S56781","article-title":"Multiparametric autoimmune diagnostics: recent advances","volume":"8","author":"Damoiseaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathol Lab Med Int"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.03.004","article-title":"Validation conform iso-15189 of assays in the field of autoimmunity: joint efforts in the Netherlands","volume":"17","author":"Mulder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-28977-1","volume-title":"Hepatology, principles and practice","author":"Kuntz","year":"2006"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250506","article-title":"Comparative studies of antimitochondrial autoantibodies in sera and bile in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"25","author":"Nishio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B34","first-page":"539","article-title":"From ANA-screening to antigen-specificity: An EASI-survey on the daily practice in European countries","volume":"32","author":"Damoiseaux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13317-016-0075-0","article-title":"International consensus on ANA patterns (ICAP): The bumpy road towards a consensus on reporting ANA results","volume":"7","author":"Damoiseaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Auto Immun Highlights"},{"key":"2022010916492580600_jfab099-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00412","article-title":"Report of the first international consensus on standardized nomenclature of antinuclear antibody HEp-2 cell patterns 2014-2015","volume":"6","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jalm\/article-pdf\/7\/1\/259\/42084078\/jfab099.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jalm\/article-pdf\/7\/1\/259\/42084078\/jfab099.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T16:50:31Z","timestamp":1641747031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jalm\/article\/7\/1\/259\/6498249"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jalm\/jfab099","relation":{},"ISSN":["2576-9456","2475-7241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2576-9456","type":"print"},{"value":"2475-7241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}}}