{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:47:38Z","timestamp":1791672458624,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a common cause of encephalitis. We review the most recent evidence on this neuroimmune condition and autoantibody testing currently available.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical criteria, neuroimaging and electroencephalography can facilitate the diagnosis of AE prior to obtaining autoantibody testing results, and lead to a diagnosis of AE even in the absence of a recognized antibody. Early treatment of AE has been found to correlate with improved long-term functional and cognitive outcomes. We suggest a clinical approach to diagnosis based on the predominant area of nervous system involvement and the results of ancillary testing that are widely available. We also propose a 2-tiered approach to the acute management of probable or definite AE. We, finally, provide guidance on the long-term management of AE\u2014a challenging and understudied area.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Much work remains to be done to improve the care of patients with AE. As understanding of the pathophysiology and predisposing factors underlying this condition steadily increases, a more evidence-based, targeted approach to the treatment of AE is still desired. Nonetheless, looking at the progress made over the past 2 decades, since the discovery of the first autoantibodies associated with AE, one cannot help but feel optimistic about the road ahead.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfab102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T11:39:02Z","timestamp":1631101142000},"page":"81-98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Autoimmune Encephalitis and Autoantibodies: A Review of Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Julien","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Muccilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A","family":"Wennberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Epilepsy Clinic and Neurophysiology Lab, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David F","family":"Tang-Wai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Memory Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010916492711900_jfab102-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/0964704X.2015.1021120","article-title":"\u201cHirnsymptome bei Carcinomatose\u201d\u2014Hermann Oppenheim and an early description of a paraneoplastic neurological syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Schulz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hist Neurosci"},{"key":"2022010916492711900_jfab102-B2","first-page":"94","article-title":"Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with anti-Hu antibodies","volume":"3","author":"Senties-Madrid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"2022010916492711900_jfab102-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.034447","article-title":"Recommended diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurological syndromes","volume":"75","author":"Graus","year":"2004","journal-title":"J 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