{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:19:41Z","timestamp":1780640381935,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a rare collection of disorders that present with a diverse and often nebulous set of clinical symptoms. Indiscriminate use of multi-antibody panels decreases their overall utility and predictive value. Application of a standardized scoring system may help reduce the number of specimens that generate misleading or uninformative results.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The results of autoimmune encephalopathy, epilepsy, or dementia autoantibody panels performed on serum (n\u2009=\u2009251) or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (n\u2009=\u2009235) specimens from October 9th, 2016 to October 11th, 2019 were collected. Retrospective chart review was performed to calculate the Antibody Prevalence in Epilepsy and Encephalopathy (APE2) score for patients with an antibody above the assay-specific reference interval and to classify results as true or false positive.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of the 486 specimens, 60 (12.3%) generated positive results for any AE antibody (6 CSF and 54 serum). After removing 2 duplicate specimens collected from a single patient, 10 of the remaining 58 were determined to be true positives and 8 contained neural-specific antibodies. Application of the APE2 score revealed that 89% of all true positives and 86% of specimens with neural-specific antibodies had a score \u22654. In contrast, 76% of false positives, 74% of clinically nonspecific antibodies, and 85% of the negative specimens had an APE2 score &amp;lt;4.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The APE2 score can improve the diagnostic utility of autoimmune encephalopathy evaluation panels.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfab106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T11:15:56Z","timestamp":1629371756000},"page":"36-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Retrospective Evaluation of the Antibody Prevalence in Epilepsy and Encephalopathy (APE2) Score"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Brad","family":"Poore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA"},{"name":"The Geisel 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres E","family":"Mindiola-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA"},{"name":"The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryland","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA"},{"name":"The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaneh","family":"Motanagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA"},{"name":"The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A","family":"Cervinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA"},{"name":"The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D","family":"Nerenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA"},{"name":"The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010916491876800_jfab106-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra023009","article-title":"Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the nervous 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