{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T23:30:43Z","timestamp":1740180643263,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In 2017, Mayo Clinic Laboratories commenced offering a comprehensive type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) autoantibody (Ab) evaluation including 4 known Abs targeting glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), protein tyrosine phosphatase-like islet antigen 2 (IA2), insulin (IAA), and zinc transporter 8 protein (ZnT8) antigens.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of this study was to evaluate real-time data on the frequency and patterns of all 4 Abs stratified by age and sex from 6044 unique consecutive adult and pediatric patients undergoing evaluation for suspected diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At least one Ab was found in 3370 (56%) of all samples: 67% of children (aged 0\u201317), 49% of young adults (aged 18\u201335), and 41% for both middle-aged (aged 36\u201355) and older (aged &amp;gt;55) adults (P\u2009\u2264\u20090.0001). GAD65-Abs were the most common in all age groups, followed by ZnT8-Ab in those &amp;lt;36 years, or IAA-Ab in those \u226536. Frequencies of IA2- and ZnT8-Abs drop significantly with increasing age. Clusters of 3 or 4 Abs were more frequently encountered in younger patients (41% of children vs 12% in middle- and 13% in older age groups, P\u2009\u2264\u20090.0001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children undergoing serological evaluation for T1DM were more commonly positive for autoantibodies than older age groups. The frequency of ZnT8- and IA2-Abs decreases, and IAA-Ab frequency increases with increasing age, and clusters of 2 to 4 autoantibodies are more common in children. In clinical practice, comprehensive testing for diabetes autoantibodies resulted in a switch in diagnosis to T1DM for patients previously classified as type 2 diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfac037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T08:28:54Z","timestamp":1658996934000},"page":"1037-1046","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comprehensive Diabetes Autoantibody Laboratory-Based Clinical Service Testing in 6044 Consecutive Patients: Analysis of Age and Sex Effects"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Dahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology , Rochester, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research , Rochester, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6140-5584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean J","family":"Pittock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , Rochester, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesica","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , Rochester, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"McKeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , Rochester, MN , 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