{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T22:27:51Z","timestamp":1767911271355,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Examination of urine by immunofixation electrophoresis (UIFE) is one of the tests recommended for screening and monitoring of monoclonal gammopathies, especially multiple myeloma. Unlike the serum free light chain measurement, a positive result on urine immunofixation is diagnostic for monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains. Urine is usually concentrated, generally by membrane filtration, prior to electrophoresis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Alternative methods to membrane filtration for urine concentration were examined. Residual urine specimens submitted for urine protein electrophoresis were concentrated by precipitation of the proteins by ammonium sulfate salt precipitation, precipitation with ethanol and acetonitrile, and by desiccation. The concentrated specimens were subjected to immunofixation electrophoresis using antisera to free light chains (FLC). The results were compared with those from conventional immunofixation electrophoresis using specimens concentrated by membrane filtration.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Ammonium sulfate, ethanol, and acetonitrile precipitation results were less than satisfactory. Concentration by desiccation provided results comparable, if not better than, those by membrane filtration and conventional UIFE. The cost of desiccation is minimal compared to more than $5.00\/specimen cost of concentration by membrane filtration. The differences in the results with conventional UIFE and the method described here are likely due to (a) variability in the reactivity of different antisera to free monoclonal light chains, and (b) obscuration of monoclonal free light chains by co-migration with intact immunoglobulin monoclonal proteins.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Concentrating urine by desiccation for immunofixation electrophoresis is technically simple, inexpensive, and provides results comparable to concentrating by membrane filtration. Using FLC provides a more sensitive assay than using conventional antisera.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfad113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T12:56:53Z","timestamp":1704459413000},"page":"350-356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Urine Immunofixation Electrophoresis for Diagnosis of Monoclonal Gammopathy: Evaluation of Methods for Urine Concentration"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"May","family":"Ye Mon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University , Augusta, GA , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Obiora","family":"Ufondu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University , Augusta, GA , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanee","family":"Mortley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University , Augusta, GA , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roni J","family":"Bollag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University , Augusta, GA , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0621-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gurmukh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University , Augusta, GA , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B1","first-page":"1101","article-title":"The role of protein electrophoresis in differential diagnosis of renal disorders","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Urol Ren Dis"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfaa153","article-title":"Serum and urine protein electrophoresis and serum-free light chain assays in the diagnosis and monitoring of monoclonal gammopathies","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Lab Med"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B3","first-page":"143","article-title":"Free monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains in serum and urine","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"21st Century Pathol"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e538","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70442-5","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404284","article-title":"International uniform response criteria for multiple myeloma","volume":"20","author":"Durie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmac155","article-title":"Urine protein immunofixation electrophoresis: free light chain urine immunofixation electrophoresis is more sensitive than conventional assays for detecting monoclonal light chains and could serve as a marker of minimal residual disease","volume":"54","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab Med"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvad053","article-title":"Utilizing mass spectrometry to detect and isotype monoclonal proteins in urine: comparison to electrophoretic methods","volume":"69","author":"Moonen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plabm.2021.e00256","article-title":"Multiple myeloma: detection of free monoclonal light chains by modified immunofixation electrophoresis with antisera against free light chains","volume":"12","author":"Wilhite","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pract Lab Med"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-07-726778","article-title":"Serum free light chains, not urine specimens, should be used to evaluate response in light-chain multiple myeloma","volume":"128","author":"Dejoie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-10-299529","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for standard investigative workup: report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 3","volume":"117","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30206-6","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group consensus criteria for response and minimal residual disease assessment in multiple myeloma","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmy067","article-title":"Concentrations of Serum free light chains in kappa and lambda lesions in light-chain myelomas","volume":"50","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab Med"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmaa057","article-title":"Light chain predominant intact immunoglobulin monoclonal gammopathy disorders: shorter survival in light chain predominant multiple myelomas","volume":"52","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lab Med"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmab054","article-title":"Light chain-predominant multiple myeloma subgroup; impaired renal function correlates with decreased survival in this subgroup","volume":"53","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lab Med"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfab090","article-title":"Light chain multiple myeloma: high serum free light chain levels portend renal damage and poorer survival","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Lab Med"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.9.1437","article-title":"Serum reference intervals and diagnostic ranges for free kappa and free lambda immunoglobulin light chains: relative sensitivity for detection of monoclonal light chains","volume":"48","author":"Katzmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqw099","article-title":"Serum free light chain assay and \u03ba\/\u03bb ratio performance in patients without monoclonal gammopathies: high false-positive rate","volume":"146","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr2802w","article-title":"Serum free light chain assay and \u03ba\/\u03bb ratio: performance in patients with monoclonal gammopathy-high false negative rate for \u03ba\/\u03bb ratio","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"2024030105191892900_jfad113-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2020-0794-CP","article-title":"Laboratory detection and initial diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathies","volume":"146","author":"Keren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jalm\/article-pdf\/9\/2\/350\/56807294\/jfad113.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jalm\/article-pdf\/9\/2\/350\/56807294\/jfad113.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T05:21:42Z","timestamp":1709270502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jalm\/article\/9\/2\/350\/7511337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jalm\/jfad113","relation":{},"ISSN":["2475-7241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2475-7241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]}}}