{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T01:42:48Z","timestamp":1772761368784,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Historically, xylazine has been utilized in veterinary medicine for decades as an anesthetic and analgesic sedative to facilitate safe handling, diagnostic testing, and surgical procedures in large animals. Currently, xylazine is an emerging threat to human health. It has been detected in the illicit drug supply chain, often as an adulterant. It has been more commonly added to illicit substances, most notably fentanyl, by drugmakers to enhance drug effect. End users are often unaware of its presence. This is alarming given the large number of xylazine-involved overdose deaths while laboratory detections are deficient and reversal agents are absent. Herein, we present the first documented case of xylazine identified via gas chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry at University of California Davis Health despite a peculiarly mild clinical presentation. We hope to increase awareness of this potentially fatal adulterant that is often missed in evaluation and engender further opportunities to study this ongoing issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfad119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T17:57:37Z","timestamp":1706810257000},"page":"629-634","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Not Carfentanil\u2014A Case of Unexpected Xylazine Detection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5659-5072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasper X","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Health , Sacramento, CA , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shelby","family":"Randall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Davis Health , Sacramento, CA , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Grimsrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Health , Sacramento, CA , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Bainbridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Health , Sacramento, CA , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nam K","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Health , Sacramento, CA , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024050218422417200_jfad119-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1977.34391","article-title":"Xylazine for sedation of horses","volume":"25","author":"Holmes","year":"1977","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"2024050218422417200_jfad119-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(99)50058-2","article-title":"Alpha 2 agonists and antagonists","volume":"29","author":"Paddleford","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2024050218422417200_jfad119-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7037a4","article-title":"Notes from the field: xylazine detection and involvement in drug overdose deaths\u2014United States, 2019","volume":"70","author":"Kariisa","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly 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xylazine\u2014United States, January 2019\u2013June 2022","volume":"72","author":"Kariisa","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024050218422417200_jfad119-B9","author":"California Department of Public Health"},{"key":"2024050218422417200_jfad119-B10","author":"State of California\u2014Health and Human Services Agency California Department of Public Health"},{"key":"2024050218422417200_jfad119-B11","author":"Center for Forensic Science Research and Education"},{"key":"2024050218422417200_jfad119-B12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Xylazine intoxication in humans and its importance as an emerging adulterant in abused drugs: a comprehensive review of the literature","volume-title":"Forensic Sci Int","author":"Ruiz-Col\u00f3n","year":"2014"},{"key":"2024050218422417200_jfad119-B13","first-page":"e36864","article-title":"Xylazine in the opioid epidemic: a systematic review of case reports and clinical implications","volume":"15","author":"Ayub","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2024050218422417200_jfad119-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2344\/0003-3006-62.1.31","article-title":"Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: a review of current clinical applications","volume":"62","author":"Giovannitti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesth Prog"},{"key":"2024050218422417200_jfad119-B15","author":"Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Division"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Applied Laboratory 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