{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:40:00Z","timestamp":1791333600433,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The presence of anti-interferon (IFN)-\u03b12 autoantibodies is a strong indicator of severe disease course during viral infections and is observed in autoimmune diseases (e.g., myasthenia gravis). Detection of these autoantibodies during severe bacterial infections is understudied. Multiple anti-IFN-\u03b12 autoantibody screening assays are available. However, the results do not always correlate with the neutralizing capacity of the autoantibodies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Anti-IFN-\u03b12 antibodies were measured by a Luminex-based assay in serum samples from individuals admitted to the intensive care unit infected with influenza (n = 38), invasive bacteria (n = 152), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (n = 52). Anti-IFN-\u03b12 antibodies were also studied in individuals with myasthenia gravis (n = 22) and in healthy individuals (n = 37). Individuals testing positive by Luminex were subsequently tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and tested for nonspecific reactivity and neutralization.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Three of 16 Luminex-positive samples had nonspecific reactivity, 11\/16 were positive by ELISA, and 10\/16 had neutralizing activity. Anti-IFN-\u03b12 antibodies were found in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 (7\/52), influenza (3\/38), invasive bacteria [2\/152, of which 1 was Legionella pneumophilia and was 1 Escherichia coli (E. coli) (out of 39 E. coli infections)], and in individuals with myasthenia gravis (2\/22).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Anti-IFN-\u03b12 autoantibodies were detected in viral infections, myasthenia gravis, and rarely in bacterial infections. ELISA and Luminex screening assays do not give similar results. Nonspecific reactivity and functional assays are necessary to validate the screening test result.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfae080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T19:01:36Z","timestamp":1723143696000},"page":"977-989","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["IFN-\u03b12 Autoantibody Screening and Functional Evaluation in Viral and Bacterial Infections"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0361-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maaike","family":"Cockx","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven , Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Steels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals 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Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven , Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glynis","family":"Frans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven , Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9937-443X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristl G","family":"Claeys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Muscle Diseases and Neuropathies, KU Leuven, and Leuven Brain Institute , Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Desmet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven , Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"De Munter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven , Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Bossuyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, Department 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