{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:17:40Z","timestamp":1788445060087,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bloodstream infections (BSI) are a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. Rapid diagnosis of BSI is critical for timely and appropriate clinical management, but current diagnostic strategies have a prolonged turnaround time or only identify select pathogens with minimal prognostic information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined serial serologic samples from 77 intensive care unit (ICU) patients at time points before, during, and after diagnosis of presumptive BSI to identify host-derived protein biomarkers associated with specific organisms and with clinical outcomes in BSI. ICU patients with and without BSI were included. Two candidate biomarkers, tissue metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) and transgelin-2 (transgelin), were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis and with procalcitonin (PCT) as a positive control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TIMP-1 was higher in those with gram-negative BSI [median = 746 ng\/mL, interquartile range (IQR): 355\u20131410] than gram-positive BSI (662 ng\/mL, 396\u20131111), and culture negative (377 ng\/mL, 189\u2013708). For transgelin, those with gram-negative BSI were highest (14.6 ng\/mL, 9.6\u201322.0), followed by gram-positive BSI (9 ng\/mL, 6.1\u201316), and negative cultures (9.1 ng\/mL, 5.6\u201313.0). PCT was highest among patients with gram-positive BSI (10.8 ng\/mL, 1.3\u201323.3), followed by gram-negative BSI (7.7 ng\/mL, 1.6\u201357.7), and negative cultures (1.2 ng\/mL, 0.3\u20133.5). The multiplicative product of all 3 markers had an AUC of 0.8 (0.7\u20130.9). No biomarker was associated with risk for ICU admission, 30-day mortality, or length of stay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TIMP1 and transgelin-2 are candidate biomarkers for diagnosing BSI. Larger studies comparing their utility to PCT and other sepsis biomarkers are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfag084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T11:40:16Z","timestamp":1779190816000},"page":"1064-1077","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of TIMP1, Transgelin-2, and Procalcitonin as Protein Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Bloodstream Infection in a Critically Ill Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sajal","family":"Tiwary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine , St.Louis, MO ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline A","family":"O\u2019Neil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine , St.Louis, MO ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Lawless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St.Louis, MO ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Arter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine , St.Louis, MO ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St.Louis, MO ,","place":["United 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