{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T15:02:08Z","timestamp":1761490928460,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015764","name":"Center for Preparedness and Response","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015764","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Epidemiology Elective Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Irradiative sterilization of clinical specimens prior to chemical laboratory testing provides a way to not only sterilize pathogens and ensure laboratorian safety but also preserve sample volume and maintain compatibility with quantitative chemical diagnostic protocols. Since the compatibility of clinical biomarkers with gamma irradiation is not well characterized, a subset of diagnostic biomarkers ranging in molecular size, concentration, and clinical matrix was analyzed to determine recovery following gamma irradiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Sample irradiation of previously characterized quality control materials (QCs) at 5\u2009Mrad was carried out at the Gamma Cell Irradiation Facility at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA. Following irradiation, the QCs were analyzed alongside non-irradiated QCs to determine analyte recovery between dosed and control samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Biomarkers for exposure to abrin, ricin, and organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) were analyzed for their stability following gamma irradiation. The diagnostic biomarkers included adducts to butyrylcholinesterase, abrine, and ricinine, respectively, and were recovered at over 90% of their initial concentration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>The results from this pilot study support the implementation of an irradiative sterilization protocol for possible mixed-exposure samples containing both chemical and biological threat agents (mixed CBTs). Furthermore, irradiative sterilization significantly reduces a laboratorian\u2019s risk of infection from exposure to an infectious agent without compromising chemical diagnostic testing integrity, particularly for diagnostic assays in which the chemical analyte has been shown to be fully conserved following a 5\u2009Mrad irradiative dose.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfz022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]],"date-time":"2020-01-07T20:10:32Z","timestamp":1578427832000},"page":"273-280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Chemical Biomarker Recovery from Mixed Chemical\/Biological Threat Exposure Specimens"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Samantha L","family":"Isenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa D","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan L","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Laughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marla","family":"Petway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike A","family":"Mojica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia E","family":"Rood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Elective Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis K","family":"Gursky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cody I","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Dennis A","family":"Bagarozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James L","family":"Pirkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudolph C","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081306563422400_jfz022-B1","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Gamma radiation Rijeka.","author":"da Silva Aquino","year":"2012"},{"volume-title":"Trends in radiation sterilization of health care products","year":"2008","key":"2020081306563422400_jfz022-B2"},{"year":"2014","key":"2020081306563422400_jfz022-B3"},{"key":"2020081306563422400_jfz022-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1500154","article-title":"The safety of the blood supply - 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