{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:24:08Z","timestamp":1787009048137,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"EPA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006379","name":"Office of Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006379","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000993","name":"Battelle Memorial Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP-C-16\u2013014-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP-C-16\u2013014-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000993","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess low concentration hydrogen peroxide (LCHP) (H2O2) vapor dispersed with a home humidifier for its ability to decontaminate vehicle interiors contaminated with Bacillus anthracis surrogate Bacillus atrophaeus spores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Efficacy of a vaporized 3% H2O2 solution was evaluated for liquid volumes, on\/off vehicle heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system operations, and temperatures that ranged from 5 to 27\u00b0C. Survival of the spores was assessed by quantification of remaining viable spores with efficacy quantified in terms of mean log10 reduction. Decontamination efficacy after the 6-day dwell time increased when the 3% H2O2 liquid volume was doubled, increasing from 4-of-10 to 10-of-10 nondetects (zero colonies counted using standard dilution and filter plating) inside the vehicle cabin. Recirculating cabin air through the HVAC system during decontamination decreased efficacy to 6-of-10 non-detects. While no 6-log10 reduction in viable spores was observed on the cabin filter with the cabin filter kept in place, a 6-log10 reduction was achieved after its removal and placement in the cabin during treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results from this study allow for informed decisions on the use of LCHP vapor as an effective decontamination approach for vehicle interiors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxad039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T20:28:25Z","timestamp":1677184105000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Passenger vehicle interior decontamination by low concentration hydrogen peroxide vapor following a wide area biological contamination incident"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7594-4394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Oudejans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7967-8129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Battelle Memorial Institute , Columbus, OH 43201 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Sunderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Battelle Memorial Institute , Columbus, OH 43201 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Worth","family":"Calfee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R Leroy","family":"Mickelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Land and Emergency Management, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Consequence Management Advisory Division, Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent","family":"Hofacre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Battelle Memorial Institute , Columbus, OH 43201 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Keyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Battelle Memorial Institute , Columbus, OH 43201 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Don","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023030913464820200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2013.10.015","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of vacuum-based surface sampling methods for collection of Bacillus spores","volume":"95","author":"Calfee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"2023030913464820200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05259.x","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of large-scale decontamination approaches","volume":"112","author":"Calfee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2023030913464820200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2011.0095","article-title":"Decontamination after a release of B. 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