{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:24:05Z","timestamp":1787009045906,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the 1940s and 1950s, researchers seeking safe and novel ways to eliminate airborne pathogens from enclosed spaces, investigated glycol vapours as a method of disinfection. More recently, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for a non-toxic aerial disinfectant that can be used in the presence of people. This scoping review is intended to analyse the early and more recent literature on glycol disinfection, scrutinizing the methodologies used, and to determine if the use of glycols as modern-day disinfectants is justified<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>PRISMA-ScR guidelines were used to assess the 749 articles retrieved from the Web of Science platform, with 46 articles retained after the search strategy was applied. Early studies generally demonstrated good disinfection capabilities against airborne bacteria and viruses, particularly with propylene glycol (PG) vapour. Vapour pressure, relative humidity, and glycol concentration were found to be important factors affecting the efficacy of glycol vapours. Contact times depended mainly on the glycol application method (i.e. aerosolization or liquid formulation), although information on how glycol efficacy is impacted by contact time is limited. Triethylene glycol (TEG) is deemed to have low toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity and is registered for use in air sanitization and deodorization by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Glycols are also used in liquid formulations for their antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms, although when used as a non-active excipient in products, their contribution to antimicrobial efficacy is rarely assessed. The appropriate use of liquid glycol-containing formulations was found to positively impact the antimicrobial capabilities of disinfectants when used at temperatures &amp;lt;0, food preservatives, and dental medicaments. Providing modern delivery technology can accurately control environmental conditions, the use of aerosolized glycol formulations should lead to successful disinfection, aiding infection prevention, and control regimens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxae071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T19:06:21Z","timestamp":1712171181000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Reviewing the evidence of antimicrobial activity of glycols"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6389-2806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrina","family":"Duggan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff, CF10 3NB , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Khalid","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reckitt Benckiser LLC , Montvale, NJ 07645 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"McKinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reckitt Benckiser LLC , Montvale, NJ 07645 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8617-9288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Yves","family":"Maillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff, CF10 3NB , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024041607401817400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-52.4.256","article-title":"The survival of Salmonella typhimurium in propylene glycol water mixtures","volume":"52","author":"Airoldi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"2024041607401817400_bib2","first-page":"382","article-title":"Germicidal mists and vapours in air disinfection","volume":"43","author":"Baker","year":"1944","journal-title":"J Hyg"},{"key":"2024041607401817400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2021.103780","article-title":"Examining the persistence of human coronavirus 229E on fresh produce","volume":"98","author":"Blondin-Brosseau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"2024041607401817400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.4315\/0022-2747-33.7.274","article-title":"Effect of glycols added to disinfectant-detergent solutions upon aerosolised test microorganisms","volume":"33","author":"Braymen","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Milk Food Technol"},{"key":"2024041607401817400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/144136","article-title":"New trends in application of the fumigation method in medical and non-medical fields","volume":"29","author":"Buklaha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"2024041607401817400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_197_17","article-title":"In vitro activity of seven hospital biocides against Mycobacterium abscessus: implications for patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"Caskey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"2024041607401817400_bib7","first-page":"64","article-title":"An evaluation of disinfectants for the sanitation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-contaminated transport vehicles at cold temperatures","volume":"69","author":"Dee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"2024041607401817400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4231","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c08632","article-title":"Efficacy of grignard pure to inactivate airborne phage MS-2, a common SARS-CoV-2 surrogate","volume":"57","author":"Desai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2024041607401817400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.13.6.1060-1065.1981","article-title":"Bacterial fouling of a hospital closed loop cooling system by Pseudomonas sp","volume":"13","author":"Du\u00a0Moulin","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024041607401817400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2003.12.037","article-title":"Household cleaning and surface disinfection: new insights and strategies","volume":"56","author":"Exner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2024041607401817400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.45.6.767","article-title":"Bacteriologic studies in disinfection of air in large rural central schools II. 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