{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T12:09:27Z","timestamp":1790424567013,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004424","name":"Water Research Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/2023\u201300885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/2023\u201300885"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004424","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Food Security","award":["20301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20301"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012534","name":"Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012534","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the microbiological safety, potential multidrug-resistant bacterial presence and genetic relatedness (DNA fingerprints) of Escherichia coli isolated from the water-soil-plant nexus on highly diverse fresh produce smallholder farms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Irrigation water (n\u00a0=\u00a044), soil (n\u00a0=\u00a085), and fresh produce (n\u00a0=\u00a095) samples from six smallholder farms with different production systems were analysed for hygiene indicator bacterial counts and the presence of shigatoxigenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. using standard microbiological methods. Identities of isolates were confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and the genetic relatedness of the E. coli isolates determined using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) analysis. Irrigation water E. coli levels ranged between 0 and 3.45 log MPN\/100\u2009ml\u22121 with five farms having acceptable levels according to the World Health Organization limit (3 log MPN\/100\u2009ml\u22121). Fresh produce samples on four farms (n\u00a0=\u00a065) harboured E. coli at low levels (&amp;lt;1 log CFU\/g\u22121) except for one sample from kale, spring onion, green pepper, onion, and two tomato samples, which exceeded international acceptable limits (100\u2009CFU\/g\u22121). Only one baby carrot fresh produce sample tested positive for Salmonella spp. Of the 224 samples, E. coli isolates were identified in 40% (n\u00a0=\u00a090) of all water, soil, and fresh produce types after enrichment. Additionally, the DNA fingerprints of E. coli isolates from the water-soil-plant nexus of each respective farm clustered together at high similarity values (&amp;gt;90%), with all phenotypically characterized as multidrug-resistant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The clustering of E. coli isolated throughout the water-soil-plant nexus, implicated irrigation water in fresh produce contamination. Highlighting the importance of complying with irrigation water microbiological quality guidelines to limit the spread of potential foodborne pathogens throughout the fresh produce supply chain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxae091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T15:25:33Z","timestamp":1713281133000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Microbiological quality of irrigation water on highly diverse fresh produce smallholder farms: elucidating environmental routes of contamination"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8652-294X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheldon A","family":"Viviers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria , Hatfield, Pretoria 0001 , South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of Pretoria , Hatfield, Pretoria 0028 , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1730-7781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loandi","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria , Hatfield, Pretoria 0001 , South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of Pretoria , Hatfield, Pretoria 0028 , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5582-1434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika M","family":"du\u00a0Plessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria , Hatfield, Pretoria 0001 , South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of Pretoria , Hatfield, Pretoria 0028 , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0232-7659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lise","family":"Korsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria , Hatfield, Pretoria 0001 , South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of Pretoria , Hatfield, Pretoria 0028 , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024042707301984100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8441","article-title":"Fingerprints of resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 from vegetables and environmental samples","volume":"98","author":"Abakpa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"2024042707301984100_bib3","first-page":"143","article-title":"Identification and antimicrobial resistance prevalence of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains from treated wastewater effluents in Eastern Cape. 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