{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:38:30Z","timestamp":1785760710480,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"ICMR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AMR\/DHR\/GIA\/3\/ECD-II\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AMR\/DHR\/GIA\/3\/ECD-II\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Colistin serves as the drug of last resort for combating numerous multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative infections. Its efficacy is hampered by the prevalent issue of colistin resistance, which severely limits treatment options for critically ill patients. Identifying resistance genes is crucial for controlling resistance spread, with horizontal gene transfer being the primary mechanism among bacteria. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of plasmid-mediated mcr genes associated with colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, utilizing both genotypic and phenotypic tests.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The clinical isolates (n\u00a0=\u00a0913) were obtained from a tertiary care center in Chennai, India. Colistin resistance was seen among Gram-negative isolates. These strains underwent screening for mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-4, and mcr-5 genes via conventional PCR. Additionally, mcr-positive isolates were confirmed through Sanger sequencing and phenotypic testing. The bacterial isolates predominantly comprised Klebsiella pneumoniae (62.43%), Escherichia coli (19.71%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.73%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (4.81%), along with other species. All isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to three or more antibiotic classes. Colistin resistance, determined via broth microdilution (BMD) using CLSI guidelines, was observed in 13.08% of the isolates studied. Notably, mcr-5 was detected in K. pneumoniae in PCR, despite its absence in Sanger sequencing and phenotypic tests (including the combined-disk test, colistin MIC in the presence of EDTA, and Zeta potential assays). This finding underscores the importance of employing multiple diagnostic approaches to accurately identify colistin resistance mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxae172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T12:45:47Z","timestamp":1720529147000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Analysis of <i>mcr<\/i> family of colistin resistance genes in Gram-negative isolates from a tertiary care hospital in India"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Dhinakaran","family":"Irusan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The Madras Medical Mission , 4-A, Mogappair, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600037 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1491-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadanand Dangari","family":"Akshay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Paneer Campus , Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varsha Prakash","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases & Microbial Genomics, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Paneer Campus , Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iddya","family":"Karunasagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nitte (Deemed to be University), Medical Sciences Complex , Mangaluru 575018 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3535-5528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijaya Kumar","family":"Deekshit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases & Microbial Genomics, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Paneer Campus , Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anusha","family":"Rohit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The Madras Medical Mission , 4-A, Mogappair, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600037 , India"},{"name":"Nitte (Deemed to be University), Medical Sciences Complex , Mangaluru 575018 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx286","article-title":"mcr-1 and mcr-2 (mcr-6.1) variant genes identified in Moraxella species isolated from pigs in Great Britain from 2014 to 2015","volume":"72","author":"AbuOun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-022-03383-5","article-title":"Effect of sub-minimum inhibitory concentration of ceftriaxone on the expression of outer membrane proteins in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi","volume":"38","author":"Akshay","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-023-03485-0","article-title":"Differential expression of outer membrane proteins and quinolone resistance determining region mutations can lead to ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella Typhi","volume":"205","author":"Akshay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S185081","article-title":"Evaluation of efflux pump activity of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from poultry wet markets in India","volume":"12","author":"Anbazhagan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IDR"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib5","first-page":"6630379","article-title":"Prevalence and traits of mobile colistin resistance gene harbouring isolates from different ecosystems in Africa","volume":"22","author":"Anyanwu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060659","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of mcr-mediated colistin-resistance Escherichia coli in isolates of clinical samples, healthy humans, and livestock\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Bastidas-Caldes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx327","article-title":"Identification of a novel transposon-associated phosphoethanolamine transferase gene, mcr-5, conferring colistin resistance in d-tartrate fermenting Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B","volume":"72","author":"Borowiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30589","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.31.30589","article-title":"Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-4 gene in Salmonella and Escherichia coli, Italy 2013, Spain and Belgium, 2015 to 2016","volume":"22","author":"Carattoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00853-19","article-title":"Identification of novel mobilized colistin resistance gene mcr-9 in a multidrug-resistant, colistin-susceptible Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium isolate","volume":"10","author":"Carroll","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib10","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib12","article-title":"Performance standards for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Clinical and laboratory standards institute","author":"CLSI","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-023-02448-7","article-title":"Association between multidrug-resistant bacteria and mortality in critically ill patients","volume":"40","author":"Duclos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3454","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00835-17","article-title":"Detection of colistin-resistant MCR-1-positive Escherichia coli by use of assays based on inhibition by EDTA and zeta potential","volume":"55","author":"Esposito","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib15","article-title":"Laboratory manual for carbapenem and colistin resistance detection and characterisation for the survey of carbapenem-and\/or colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae\u2013Version 2.0","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-021-00476-1","article-title":"High frequency of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring several \u03b2-lactamase and integron genes collected from several hospitals in the north of Iran","volume":"20","author":"Farhadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00023-20","article-title":"Emergence of mobile colistin resistance (mcr-8) in a highly successful Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 15 clone from clinical infections in Bangladesh","volume":"5","author":"Farzana","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01823-19","article-title":"Evaluation of the NG-Test MCR-1 lateral flow assay and EDTA-colistin broth disk elution methods to detect plasmid-mediated colistin resistance among gram-negative bacterial isolates","volume":"58","author":"Fenwick","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081996","article-title":"Detection of plasmid-mediated resistance against colistin in multi-drug-resistant gram-negative Bacilli isolated from a tertiary hospital","volume":"11","author":"Galindo-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1476-7","article-title":"Alteration of zeta potential and membrane permeability in bacteria: a study with cationic agents","volume":"4","author":"Halder","year":"2015","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105930","article-title":"Inactivation of mgrB gene regulator and resistance to colistin is becoming endemic in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Greece: a nationwide study from 2014 to 2017","volume":"55","author":"Hamel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06307-y","article-title":"Mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes from 1 to 10: a comprehensive review","volume":"48","author":"Hussein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38871-7","article-title":"Risk factors in acquiring multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in a hospital setting in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib26","first-page":"263","article-title":"Detection of colistin resistance in carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae by reference broth microdilution and comparative evaluation of three other methods","volume":"13","author":"Kar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Lab Phy"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208314","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1208314","article-title":"The occurrence and molecular detection of mcr-1 and mcr-5 genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from poultry and poultry meats in Malaysia","volume":"14","author":"Karim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ovad102","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovad102","article-title":"Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes and recent developments in colistin resistance detection","volume":"76","author":"Lakshmanan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00424-7","article-title":"Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2014.03.013","article-title":"Structural insight into the PTS sugar transporter EIIC","volume":"1850","author":"McCoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib33","first-page":"e28317","article-title":"Colistin resistance among multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacterial isolates from different clinical samples of ICU patients: prevalence and clinical outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Panigrahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.5958\/2394-5478.2016.00066.2","article-title":"Emergence of colistin resistant Gram negative Bacilli, in a tertiary care rural hospital from Western India","volume":"3","author":"Pawar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind J Microb Res"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02135","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae causing bacteremia from India-a first report","volume":"7","author":"Pragasam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8686550","article-title":"Colistin resistance among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical samples in Gaza Strip","volume":"2021","author":"Qadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"lxad137","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxad137","article-title":"Integrons as the potential targets for combating multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae using CRISPR-Cas9 technique","volume":"134","author":"Shetty","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Incidence and outcomes of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria infections in intensive care unit from Nepal-a prospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Siwakoti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Contr"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091382","article-title":"Phosphoethanolamine transferases as drug discovery targets for therapeutic treatment of multi-drug resistant pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"12","author":"Thai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00367-08","article-title":"Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from nosocomial outbreaks in Los Angeles County, California","volume":"46","author":"Valentine","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0206-y","article-title":"Emergence of a novel mobile colistin resistance gene, mcr-8, in NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Microb Infect"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib42","article-title":"Report signals increasing resistance to antibiotics in bacterial infections in humans and need for better data","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30280","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.27.30280","article-title":"Identification of a novel plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance gene, mcr-2, in Escherichia coli, Belgium, June 2016","volume":"21","author":"Xavier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky111","article-title":"Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-7.1 in Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib45","first-page":"10","article-title":"Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-3 in Escherichia coli","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2024072520081665100_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-019-0339-4","article-title":"Emergence of colistin resistance in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains isolated from cancer patients","volume":"18","author":"Zafer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxae172\/58500391\/lxae172.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/135\/7\/lxae172\/58647672\/lxae172.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/135\/7\/lxae172\/58647672\/lxae172.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T20:11:12Z","timestamp":1721938272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxae172\/7710765"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxae172","relation":{},"ISSN":["1365-2672"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1365-2672","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"article-number":"lxae172"}}