{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:06:13Z","timestamp":1753877173216,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Intermittent catheters (ICs) are commonly used in bladder management, but catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) remain challenging. Insertion tips may reduce the risk of CAUTIs by minimizing bacterial transfer along the urinary tract. However, there are few laboratory tests to evaluate such technologies. We describe the use of an adapted in vitro urethra agar model to assess bacterial displacement by ICs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Simulated urethra agar channels (UACs) were prepared with catheter-specific sized channels in selective media specific to the challenge organisms. UACs were inoculated with Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis before insertion of ICs, and enumeration of UAC sections was performed following insertion. Four ICs were evaluated: Cure Catheter\u00ae Closed System (CCS), VaPro Plus Pocket\u2122, Bard\u00ae Touchless\u00ae Plus, and SpeediCath\u00ae Flex Set. CCS demonstrated significantly reduced bacterial displacement along the UACs compared to the other ICs and was also the only IC with undetectable levels of bacteria toward the end of the UAC (representing the proximal urethra).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The bacterial displacement test demonstrated significant differences in bacterial transfer between the test ICs with insertion tips, which may reflect their different designs. This method is useful for evaluating CAUTI prevention technology and may help guide future technology innovations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxae201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:09:09Z","timestamp":1723075749000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The bacterial displacement test: an <i>in vitro<\/i> microbiological test for the evaluation of intermittent catheters and urinary tract infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Kate","family":"Meredith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Convatec Ltd, CTC First Avenue, Deeside Industrial Estate , Deeside, CH5 2NU , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Convatec Ltd, CTC First Avenue, Deeside Industrial Estate , Deeside, CH5 2NU , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Convatec Ltd, CTC First Avenue, Deeside Industrial Estate , Deeside, CH5 2NU , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ased","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Convatec Ltd, CTC First Avenue, Deeside Industrial Estate , Deeside, CH5 2NU , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024082316254519600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024082316254519600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/1757177408098265","article-title":"The pathogenesis of catheter-associated urinary tract infection","volume":"10","author":"Barford","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Prev"},{"key":"2024082316254519600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)64523-3","article-title":"The effect of urethral introducer tip catheters on the incidence of urinary tract infection outcomes in spinal cord injured patients","volume":"158","author":"Bennett","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2024082316254519600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.145242","article-title":"Virulence markers of vancomycin resistant enterococci isolated from infected and colonized patients","volume":"6","author":"Biswas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"volume-title":"The Cost of Poor Bladder Management Report 2021","year":"2021","author":"Bladder Interest Group","key":"2024082316254519600_bib5"},{"key":"2024082316254519600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1080\/14737167.2022.2054804","article-title":"Burden of illness the first year after diagnosed bladder dysfunction among people with spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis\u2014a Danish register study","volume":"22","author":"Buchter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res"},{"article-title":"Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs): catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI)","year":"2015","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","key":"2024082316254519600_bib7"},{"key":"2024082316254519600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986742","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2986742","article-title":"Review of catheter-associated urinary tract infections and in vitro urinary tract models","volume":"2018","author":"Cortese","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"key":"2024082316254519600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14533","article-title":"Pathogen displacement during intermittent catheter insertion: a novel in vitro urethra model","volume":"128","author":"Cortese","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"volume-title":"6th International Consultation on Incontinence: Management Using Continence Products","year":"2017","author":"Cottenden","key":"2024082316254519600_bib10"},{"key":"2024082316254519600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-196605000-00027","article-title":"The urethra and its relationship to urinary tract infection: the flora of the normal female urethra","volume":"59","author":"Cox","year":"1966","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"2024082316254519600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)62762-9","article-title":"The urethra and its relationship to urinary tract infection. 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